"It is apparent to my mind that the President thoroughly believed the tenure-of­ office act to be unconstitutional and void. He was so advised by every member of his cabinet ....

"This was a punitive statute. It was directed against the President alone. It interfered with the prerogatives of his department as recognized from the foun­- dation of the Government. ... This Government can only be preserved and the liberty of the people maintained by preserving intact the co-ordinate branches of it - legislative, executive, judicial-alike. I am no convert to any doctrine of the omnipotence of Congress.

"I cannot agree to destroy the ... Constitution for the sake of getting rid of an Unacceptable President."

-Senator James W. Grimes, Iowa, statement on the trial of Andrew Johnson, $1868$

"This is one of the last great battles with slavery .... this monstrous power has found a refuge in the Executive Mansion, ... Andrew Johnson is the imperson­- ation of the tyrannical slave power ....

"The veto power conferred by the Constitution ... was turned by him into a weapon of offence against Congress. . . . Laws enacted by Congress for the benefit of the colored race, including ... the Freedmen's Bureau, and ... Civil Rights, were first attacked by his veto .... he boldly attempted to prevent the adoption of a constitutional amendment, by which the right of citizens and the national debt were placed under the guarantee of irrepealable law."

-Senator Charles Sumner, Massachusetts, statement on the trial of Andrew Johnson, Congressional Globe, $1868$

Using the excerpts, answer a, b, and c.

a) Briefly explain the main point of Excerpt 1.

b) Briefly explain the main point of Excerpt 2.

c) Provide ONE piece of evidence from the period $1865$ to $1868$ that is not included in the excerpts and explain how it supports the interpretation in either excerpt.

"Though we have had war, reconstruction, and abolition as a nation, we still linger in the shadow and blight of an extinct institution. Though the colored man is no longer subject to be bought and sold, he is still surrounded by an adverse sentiment ... In his downward course he meets no resistance, but his course upward is resented and resisted at every step of his progress ... .

"If liberty, with us, is yet but a name, our citizenship is but a sham, and our suffrage thus far only a cruel mockery, we may yet congratulate ourselves upon the fact that the laws and institutions of the country are sound, just, and liberal. There is hope ... But until this nation shall make its practice accord with its Constitution and its righteous laws, it will not do to reproach the colored people of this country."

-Frederick Douglass, Speech, September $24, 1883$

Which of the following developed during Reconstruction to provide direct support and support self-determination for those freed from slavery?

(A) Credit Mobilier

(B) Tenant farming

(C ) Sharecropping

(D) Black churches

These questions concern the work of J.J.Thomson: Propose three models that explain Thomson's findings and evaluate them. Include Thomson's findings.

Which of the following is true about an individual atom? a. An individual atom should be considered a solid. b. An individual atom should be considered a liquid. c. An individual atom should be considered a gas. d. The state of the atom depends on which element it is. e. An individual atom cannot be considered a solid, liquid, or gas. Justify your choice, and for those you did not choose, explain why they are incorrect.

He will by faith lead an active life. Faith will spur on his activities. Under an earnest faith in divine truth, how can he help being active and zealous? If he believes God's word, he will believe in the fearful peril of sinners, and in the awful doom that awaits them. How can he desist and abstain from labor for souls so long as he sees them stand on slippery places, with fiery billows rolling below? Will he not devote himself with untiring diligence to pluck whomsoever he can from the ruin of a lost sinner? . . Faith secures sympathy with God. Confidence in any man ensures your sympathy with him.... Faith makes the Christian's life humane. It trains him to look on all as God's children and to love them and care for them as such. Seeing how much pity and forbearance God has towards his sinning creatures, he is drawn by his faith to exercise the same.

• Charles Finney, "Living by Faith," $1854$

The passage above is representative of which of the following movements?

a. Utopianism

b. Revivalism

c. Transcendentalism

d. Nativism

a. Explain the concept of mole ratio as used in reaction stoichiometry problems. b. What is the source of this ratio?

What did these three rebellions--Metacom's War, the Pueblo Revolt, and Bacon's Rebellion--have in common?

A defining characteristic of Pennsylvania and the other middle colonies was their a. plantation economies based on exporting staple crops such as tobacco and rice. b. relatively homogeneous population of self-sufficient family farmers. c. high degree of culture and ethnic diversity. d. lack of organized religion and low levels of church attendance.

Answer a, b, and c.

a) Briefly explain why ONE of the following best supports the view that Lincoln was one of the most democratic and also one of the most autocratic of presidents.

Emancipation Proclamation

Gettysburg Address

habeas corpus

b) Contrast your choice against ONE of the other options, demonstrating why that option is not as good as your choice.

c) Briefly identify ONE other president you believe combined the two qualities mentioned in the statement above.

An equation of the terminal side of an angle $\theta$ in standard position is given with a restriction on x. Sketch the least positive such angle $\theta$, and find the values of the six trigonometric functions of $\theta$. $\sqrt{3} x+y=0, x \leq 0$

Give an expression that generates all angles coterminal with each angle. Let n represent any integer. $360^{\circ}$

a. How do the properties of metals differ from those of both ionic and molecular compounds? b. What specific property of metals accounts for their unusual electrical conductivity?

Identify and define the three major types of chemical bonding.

Compared to the atoms of nonmetals in Period 3, the atoms of metals in Period 3 have (1) fewer electron shells. (2) more electron shells. (3) fewer valence electrons. (4) more valence electrons.