Jimmy Kimmel Live! on ABC, The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon on NBC, and The Late Show with Stephen Colbert on CBS are three popular late-night talk shows. The following table shows the number of viewers in millions for a 10 -week period during the spring for each of these shows (TV by the Numbers website).

$$\begin{aligned} &\text { The Tonight Show }\\ &\begin{array}{lccc} \text { Week } & \begin{array}{c} \text { Jimmy Kimmel } \\ \text { Live (ABC) } \end{array} & \begin{array}{c} \text { Starring Jimmy } \\ \text { Fallon (NBC) } \end{array} & \begin{array}{c} \text { The Late Show with } \\ \text { Stephen Colbert (CBS) } \end{array} \\ \text { June 13-June 17 } & 2.67 & 3.24 & 2.27 \\ \text { June 6-June 10 } & 2.58 & 3.32 & 2.05 \\ \text { May 30-June 3 } & 2.64 & 2.66 & 2.08 \\ \text { May 23-May 27 } & 2.47 & 3.30 & 2.07 \\ \text { May 16-May 20 } & 1.97 & 3.10 & 2.31 \\ \text { May 9-May 16 } & 2.21 & 3.31 & 2.45 \\ \text { May 2-May 6 } & 2.12 & 3.20 & 2.57 \\ \text { April 25-April 29 } & 2.24 & 3.15 & 2.45 \\ \text { April 18-April 22 } & 2.10 & 2.77 & 2.56 \\ \text { April 11-April 15 } & 2.21 & 3.24 & 2.16 \end{array} \end{aligned}$$

At the .05 level of significance, test for a difference in the mean number of viewers per week for the three late-night talk shows.

In a study of media usage versus education level (American Demographics, Vol. 17, No. 6), an index was used to measure media usage, where a measurement of 100 represents the U.S. average. Values above I 00 represent above-average media usage.

$$\begin{matrix} \text{} & \text{} & \text{Media} & \text{} & \text{}\\ \text{Education Level } & \text{Cable Network} & \text{Prime-Time TV} & \text{Radio} & \text{Newspaper} & \text{Magazine}\\ \text{Less than high school } & \text{80} & \text{112} & \text{87} & \text{76} & \text{85}\\ \text{High schoo glraduate } & \text{103} & \text{105} & \text{100} & \text{99} & \text{101}\\ \text{Some college } & \text{107} & \text{94} & \text{106} & \text{105} & \text{107}\\ \text{College graduate } & \text{108} & \text{90} & \text{106} & \text{116} & \text{108}\\ \end{matrix}$$

Determine if there is a difference in population mean index based on media. Use $\alpha=0.05$

$$\begin{matrix} \text{Minitab Printout for Media/Income Data }\\ \text{Analysis of Variance for Index }\\ \text{Source } & \text{DF} & \text{SS} & \text{MS} & \text{F} & \text{P}\\ \text{Income } & \text{3} & \text{961} & \text{320} & \text{2.96} & \text{0.075}\\ \text{Media } & \text{4} & \text{5} & \text{1} & \text{0.01} & \text{1}\\ \text{Error } & \text{12} & \text{1299} & \text{108}\\ \text{Total } & \text{19} & \text{2264}\\ \end{matrix}$$

The Apprentice contestants' performance ratings. Refer to the Significance (April 2015) study of contestants' perforCE mance on the popular TV show The Apprentice, Exercise $2.9$ (p. 49). Recall that each of 159 contestants was rated (on a 20-point scale) based on their performance. The accompanying Minitab printout gives the mean and standard deviation of the contestant ratings, categorized by highest degree obtained (no degree, first degree, or postgraduate degree) and prize (job or partnership with Lord Sugar). An analysis of the data led the researchers to conclude that "when the reward for winning... was a job, more academically qualified contestants tended to perform less well; however, this pattern is reversed when the prize changed to a business partnership." Do you agree? Explain. Descriptive statistic: Rating Results for Prize $=$ Job

$$\begin{array}{llrrrrr}\text { Variable } & \text { Degree } & \mathrm{N} & \text { Mean } & \text { stdev } & \text { Minimua } & \text { Maximun } \\ \text { Rating } & \text { rirst } & 54 & 7.796 & 4.231 & 1.000 & 17.000 \\ & \text { None } & 35 & 7.457 & 4.300 & 1.000 & 20.000 \\ & \text { Dost } & 10 & 9.80 & 4.54 & 2.00 & 17.00\end{array}$$

Results for Prize $=$ Partner

$$\begin{array}{llrrrrr}\text { Variable } & \text { Degree } & \mathrm{M} & \text { Mean } & \text { stDev } & \text { Minimum } & \text { Maximua } \\ \text { Rating } & \text { First } & 33 & \mathbf{8 . 2 1 2} & \mathbf{4 . 7 7 5} & 2,000 & 20.000 \\ & \text { None } & 21 & 10.62 & \mathbf{4 . 8 3} & 3.00 & 20.00 \\ & \text { Dost } & 6 & 6.50 & 3.33 & 2.00 & 12.00\end{array}$$

Coca-Cola is a large company that produces soft drinks. It has developed a new drink which contains an ingredient that gives people energy when they drink it. The company decided to target young people who like to go out dancing. They put the drink in a new shaped bottle which had bright colours on the outside so that it would be easily identified. The drink was advertised regularly on TV and was shown as a fashionable drink for young people. Teenagers were shown as happy, lively and enjoying life. The drink had a clearly identified brand name and was sold at a higher price than the other soft drinks that young people drink. The company had developed a clear brand image for the product and spent a lot of money advertising the drink. As the product was new, fashionable and different, it could charge a high price for it. Coca-Cola also manufacture a traditional soft drink that is consumed mainly by children. Sales have been falling due to more varieties of soft drinks becoming available. The company decide to reduce the price for a few months to try to attract the lost customers back. The company uses pricing strategies to help it fulfil different aims at different times. The same product could have a very low price when entering a new market, until it is established, and then it might put prices similar to competitors' prices for a while. Identify the different pricing strategies that Coca-Cola uses and explain when it uses them.

The controversial issue of global warming has been widely publicized by the film An Inconvenient Truth, featuring former Vice President Al Gore. Mr. Gore and a U.N. network of scientists, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, shared the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize in recognition of “their efforts to build up and disseminate greater knowledge about man-made climate change.” Research both sides of the global warming issue online (you might want to search for phrases like “global warming skeptics”). Create a five-question multiple-choice quiz on global warming, each question having four possible answers (numbered 1–4). Be objective and try to fairly represent both sides of the issue. Next, write an application that administers the quiz, calculates the number of correct answers (zero through five) and returns a message to the user. If the user correctly answers five questions, print “Excellent”; if four, print “Very good”; if three or fewer, print “Time to brush up on your knowledge of global warming,” and include a list of some of the websites where you found your facts.

Computer-Assisted Instruction

As computer costs decline, it becomes feasible for every student, regardless of economic circumstance, to have a computer and use it in school. This creates exciting possibilities for improving the educational experience of all students worldwide as suggested by the next five exercises. [Note: Check out initiatives such as the One Laptop Per Child Project (www.laptop.org). Also, research “green” laptops—what are some key “going green” characteristics of these devices? Look into the Electronic Product Environmental Assessment Tool (www.epeat.net) which can help you assess the “greenness” of desktops, notebooks and monitors to help you decide which products to purchase.]

You are working in the emergency department (ED) of a community hospital when the ambulance arrives with A.N., an $18$-year-old woman who was caught in a house fire. She was sleeping when the fire started and managed to make her way out of the house through thick smoke. The emergency medical system crew initiated humidified oxygen at $15 \mathrm{~L} / \mathrm{min}$ per nonrebreather mask and started a $16$-gauge IV with lactated Ringer's solution. On arrival to the ED, her vital signs are $100/66, 125, 34$, $\mathrm{SaO}_2 93 \%$. An additional $16$-gauge IV is inserted. She appears anxious and in pain.

A.N.'s burns are to be treated by the open method with topical application of silver sulfadiazine (Silvadene). When caring for A.N., which interventions will you perform? (Select all that apply.)

• a. Maintain the room temperature at $85^{\circ} \mathrm{F}\left(29.4^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\right)$

• b. Use clean technique when changing A.N.'s dressings.

• c. Monitor CBC frequently, particularly the white blood cells.

• d. Do not allow her to bathe for the initial $72$ hours following injury.

• e. Apply a $1 / 16-$ -inch film of medication, covering entire burn.

• f. Shave all hair within the wound beds.

A television station wishes to study the relationship between viewership of its 11 P.M. news program and viewer age ($18$ years or less, $19$ to $35$,$36$ to $54$,$55$ or older). A sample of 250 television viewers in each age group is randomly selected, and the number who watch the station's $11 \text{~P.M.}$ news is found for each sample. The results are given in Table $12.7$.

Table $12.7$ A Summary of the Results of a TV Viewership Study

$$\begin{array}{lcc} \text{\bf{Watch}} & & & \text{\bf{Age Group}} & & \\ \text{\bf{11 P.M News?}} & \text{\bf{18 or Less}} & \text{\bf{19 to 35}} & \text{\bf{36 to 54}} & \text{\bf{55 or Older}} & \text{\bf{Total}}\\ \text{\bf{Yes}} & 37 & 48 & 56 & 73 & 214\\ \text{\bf{No}} & 213 & 202 & 194 & 177 & 786 \\ \text{\bf{Total}} & 250 & 250 & 250 & 250 & 1,000 \end{array}$$

Let $p_1, p_2, p_3$, and $p_4$ be the proportions of all viewers in each age group who watch the station's $11 \text{~P.M.}$ news. If these proportions are equal, then whether a viewer watches the station's ~11 P.M. news is independent of the viewer's age group. Therefore, we can test the null hypothesis $H_0$ that $p_1$, $p_2$, $p_3$, and $p_4$ are equal by carrying out a chisquare test for independence. Perform this test by setting $\alpha=.05$.

According to government statistics, the inflation rate for the past year was 4 percent. You are worried that your pay is not keeping pace with your cost of living. Your average net pay this year is $\$1,625.00$ per month. It was $\$1,576.00$ last year.

How does the overall (total) rate of change compare to the national inflation rate? Is your pay increasing enough to cover the increase in your cost-of-living expenses?

You have learned that the government calculates the rate of inflation based on the change in the Consumer Price Index (CPI). The CPI includes many types of goods and services. The CPI is designed to represent the economy as a whole. Most people buy only a portion of the goods and services used in the CPI in any one year. Because of this, the increase in the cost of living for each person may be more or less than the overall inflation rate. Assume the following numbers are the average of what you pay each month for the goods and services you use.

For this exercise, the costs of medical care and prescriptions not covered by health insurance are not included. These costs can vary widely from year to year.

Northwest Hospital is a full-service hospital that provides everything from major surgery and emergency room care to outpatient clinics. The hospital's Radiology Department is considering replacing an old inefficient X-ray machine with a state-of-the-art digital X-ray machine. The new machine would provide higher quality X-rays in less time and at a lower cost per X-ray. It would also require less power and would use a color laser printer to produce easily readable X-ray images. Instead of investing the funds in the new X-ray machine, the Laboratory Department is lobbying the hospital's management to buy a new DNA analyzer. For each of the items below, indicate by placing an X in the appropriate column whether it should be considered a differential cost, an opportunity cost, or a sunk cost in the decision to replace the old X-ray machine with a new machine. If none of the categories apply for a particular item, leave all columns blank.

$$\begin{matrix} \text{Item} & \text{Differential Cost} & \text{Opportunity Cost} & \text{Sunk Cost}\\ \text{Ex.} & \text{Cost of X-ray film used in the old machine...} & \text{X}\\ \text{1.} & \text{Cost of the old X-ray machine...}\\ \text{2.} & \text{The salary of the head of the Radiology Department...}\\ \text{3.} & \text{The salary of the head of the Pediatrics Department...}\\ \text{4.} & \text{Cost of the new color laser printer...}\\ \text{5.} & \text{Rent on the space occupied by Radiology...}\\ \text{6.} & \text{The cost of maintaining the old machine...}\\ \text{7.} & \text{Benefits from a new DNA analyzer...}\\ \text{8.} & \text{Cost of electricity to run the X-ray machines...}\\ \end{matrix}$$

Online Educators (OE), a not-for-profit firm exempt from taxes, is considering replacing some electronic equipment associated with its distance learning (DL) facility. They spent $100,000 on the equipment 3 years ago and have depreciated it to a current book value of$40,000. Its end-of-year O&M costs are $9,000 per year. Today’s newer technology, including high-definition digital TV, has a price tag of$125,000, and after some haggling, OE negotiates a price of either (1) $108,000 in cash or (2)$91,000 in cash plus the current equipment as a trade-in. OE checked around and determined it could do no better by selling the soon-to-be-obsolete equipment to someone else. OE will use a 5-year planning horizon. If the newer equipment is purchased, it will have end-of-year O&M costs of $8,000 and a salvage value of$20,000 at that time. If the old equipment is retained, it will have to be supplemented in years 3, 4, and 5 by leasing a hi-def add-on unit costing $30,000 per year payable at the beginning of the year with additional end-of-year O&M costs of$7,000. The old equipment will also have no salvage value at the end of the planning horizon. MARR is 10 percent.

a. What is the market value of the old equipment using the cash flow approach (insider’s viewpoint approach) ? (11.2.1)

b. Use the cash flow approach (insider’s viewpoint approach) to determine whether to keep or replace the current equipment. (11.2.1)

c. What is the market value of the old equipment using the opportunity cost approach (outsider’s viewpoint approach)? (11.3.1)

d. Use the opportunity cost approach (outsider’s viewpoint approach) to determine whether to keep or replace the current equipment. (11.3.1)

The 2013 film Blackfish attempts to expose the darker sider of keeping killer whales in captivity. It chronicles the 2010 death of a SeaWorld trainer along with multiple other incidences in which 5-ton orca whales appeared to intentionally attack their trainers. The movie has many people questioning the ethical nature of keeping animals in captivity. $\hspace{1cm}$If we keep animals in captivity, are we depriving them of their freedom? Some point out that freedom is never absolute. Even an animal in the wild is restricted in various ways by its abiotic and biotic environments. Many modern zoos and aquariums keep animals in habitats that nearly match their natural ones, so that they have some freedom to roam and behave naturally—but is this really possible with an animal such as an orca? $\hspace{1cm}$Today, reputable zoos and aquariums rarely go out and capture animals in the wild—they usually get their animals from other facilities. Most people feel it is not a good idea to take animals from the wild. Certainly, zoos and aquariums should not be involved in the commercial and often illegal trade of wild animals that still goes on today. Many zoos and aquariums today are involved in the conservation of animals, rather than just their exploitation for exhibit. They provide the best home possible while animals are recovering from injury or are increasing their numbers until they can be released back into the wild. In your opinion, which animals are suited to a life in captivity, and which are not?

Bobby Flay opened Mesa Grill in New York City in 1991 with "a new twist on southwestern cuisine." He owns several restaurants in the New York area and also one in Las Vegas. Flay prides himself on creating a working environment in which his employees are able to express their creativity and grow professionally. His organization currently offers a $\$ 30,000$ scholarship to one high school senior who plans to attend the French Culinary Institute. His most recent book, Grilling for Life, is about great food and healthy choices.

Bobby Flay has been one of Bev Johnson's favorite TV shows for several years. She watches his shows when she has time and brings recipes from the show into her deli from time to time. Her business has continued to grow, and sales during the recent holidays are shown in thousands of dollars.

$$\begin{array}{lccc} \hline & \text { October } & \text { November } & \text { December } \\ \hline \text { Week 1 } & \$ 7.4 & \$ 8.0 & \$ 8.9 \\ \text { Week 2 } & \$ 8.0 & \$ 8.2 & \$ 8.9 \\ \text { Week 3 } & \$ 7.4 & \$ 9.8 & \$ 9.2 \\ \text { Week 4 } & \$ 8.3 & \$ 10.6 & \$ 7.1 \\ \hline \end{array}$$

Make a line graph of sales versus weeks. Why do you think sales were high in the last two weeks of November and then low in the last week in December?

On seventh January, 2000, the Gallup Organization released the results of a poll comparing the lifestyles of today with yesteryear. The survey results were based on telephone interviews with a randomly selected national sample of 1,031 adults, 18 years and older, conducted December 20–21, 1999. The poll asked several questions and compared the 1999 responses with the responses given in polls taken in previous years. Below we summarize some of the poll’s results. Percentage of respondents who

1. Had taken a vacation lasting six days or              December 1999                 December 1968
   more within the last 12 months:                           42%                             62%
2. Took part in some sort of daily activity              December 1999                 September 1977
   to keep physically fit:                                   60%                             48%
3. Watched TV more than four hours on an                 December 1999                 April 1981
   average weekday:                                           28%                             25%
4. Drove a car or truck to work:                         December 1999                 April 1971
                                                             87%                             81%

Assuming that each poll was based on a randomly selected national sample of 1,031 adults and that the samples in different years are independent: Let $p_1$ be the December 1999 population proportion of U.S. adults who had taken a vacation lasting six days or more within the last 12 months, and let $p_2$ be the December 1968 population proportion who had taken such a vacation. Calculate a 99 percent confidence interval for the difference between $p_1$ and $p_2$. Interpret what this interval says about how these population proportions differ.