Look up the meaning of the word transformation in a dictionary and explain whether it is an appropriate word to describe the transfer of genetic material from one organism to another.

As the minor and major grooves of the DNA wind around a DNA double helix, do they ever intersect each other, or do they always run parallel to each other?

Turner syndrome occurs when an individual inherits one $\mathrm{X}$ chromosome but lacks a second sex chromosome. Can Turner syndrome be due to nondisjunction during oogenesis, spermatogenesis, or both? If a phenotypically normal couple has a color-blind child (due to a recessive $\mathrm{X}$-linked allele) with Turner syndrome, did nondisjunction occur during oogenesis or spermatogenesis in this child's parents? Explain your answer.

Meiotic nondisjunction usually occurs during meiosis I. What is not separating properly: bivalents or sister chromatids? What is not separating properly during mitotic nondisjunction?

Meiotic nondisjunction is much more likely than mitotic nondisjunction. Based on this observation, would you conclude that meiotic nondisjunction is usually due to nondisjunction during meiosis I or meiosis II? Explain your reasoning.

A triploid plant has 18 chromosomes (i.e., 6 chromosomes per set). If we assume a gamete has an equal probability of receiving one or two copies of each of the six types of chromosome, what are the odds of this plant producing a monoploid or a diploid gamete? What are the odds of producing an aneuploid gamete? If the plant is allowed to self-fertilize, what are the odds of producing a euploid offspring?

The kidney bean, Phaseolus vulgaris, is a diploid species containing a total of 22 chromosomes in somatic cells. How many possible types of trisomic individuals could be produced in this species?

A diploid fruit fly has eight chromosomes. Which of the following terms should not be used to describe a fruit fly with four sets of chromosomes?
A. Polyploid
B. Aneuploid
C. Euploid
D. Tetraploid
E. $4 n$

Name the complex ion [Cu(NH$_3$)$_4$(H$_2$O)$_2$]$^{2+}$. the oxidation number of copper is +2.

Describe some of the advantages of polyploid plants. What are the consequences of having an odd number of chromosome sets?

A cytogeneticist has collected tissue samples from members of the same butterfly species. Some of the butterflies were located in Canada, and others were found in Mexico. Upon karyotyping, the cytogeneticist discovered that chromosome 5 of the Canadian butterflies had a large inversion compared with the Mexican butterflies. The Canadian butterflies were inversion homozygotes, whereas the Mexican butterflies had two normal copies of chromosome 5.
A. Explain whether a mating between the Canadian and Mexican butterflies would produce phenotypically normal offspring.
B. Explain whether the offspring of a cross between Canadian and Mexican butterflies would be fertile.

Explain how aneuploidy, deletions, and duplications cause genetic imbalances. Why do you think that deletions and monosomies are more detrimental than duplications and trisomies?

Explain why a translocation cross occurs during the metaphase of meiosis I when a cell contains a reciprocal translocation.

A phenotypically normal individual has the following combinations of abnormal chromosomes:
The normal chromosomes are shown on the left of each pair. Suggest a series of events (breaks, translocations, crossovers, etc.) that may have produced this combination of chromosomes.