Many pioneering researchers have devoted their careers to understanding how we learn. For each of the following individuals, identify the type of learning researched, briefly explain the nature of the research conducted, and provide an implication of the research for human behavior in the real world.

• Ivan Pavlov
• John Watson
• John Garcia
• B. F. Skinner
• Albert Bandura

What is a homunculus, and how does it affect emotions?

The _______ plays an important role in the formation of new memories.

a. Medulla

b. Amygdala

c. Thalamus

d. Hippocampus

e. Cerebellum

The Laser Research Company is sending their 5-person research team to a 2-day conference to learn a new automated lab procedure. One researcher earns $157.80 daily, two earn$136.80 daily, and two earn $119.20 daily. What will the 2-day conference cost the Laser Research Company in lost productivity for the 5 researchers?

What did Albert Bandura's Bobo doll experiments demonstrate? a. Children are likely to imitate the behavior of adults. b. There may be a negative correlation between televised violence and aggressive behavior. c. Children are more likely to copy what adults say than, what adults do. d. Allowing children to watch too much television is detrimental to their development. e. Observational learning can explain the development of fears in children.

Punishment a. is a good way to increase a behavior as long as it is not used too frequently. b. may create problems in the short term but rarely produces long-term negative side effects. c. is effective because it is a quick, direct way of informing the learner of what behavior is expected. d. may happen frequently because if the punished person stops misbehaving for a while this reinforces the punisher. e. should never be used in the opinion of most psychologists.

What factors affect the geometry of a molecule?

Which of the following does a PET scan best allow researchers to examine? a. The presence of tumors in the brain. b. Electrical activity on the surface of the brain. c. The size of the internal structures of the brain. d. The location of strokes. e. The functions of various brain regions.

To walk across a street, a person would rely most directly on which division of the nervous system? a. Central nervous system. b. Sympathetic nervous system. c. Peripheral nervous system. d. Autonomic nervous system. e. Parasympathetic nervous system.

In their controversial book The Bell Curve (Free Press, 1994), Professors Richard J. Herrnstein (a Harvard psychologist who died while the book was in production) and Charles Murray (a political scientist at MIT) explored, as the subtitle states, “intelligence and class structure in American life.” The Bell Curve employs statistical analyses heavily in an attempt to support the authors’ positions. Since the book’s publication, many expert statisticians have raised doubts about the authors’ statistical methods and the inferences drawn from them. (See, for example, “Wringing The Bell Curve : A cautionary tale about the relationships among race, genes, and IQ,” Chance , Summer 1995.) One of the many controversies sparked by the book is the authors’ tenet that level of intelligence (or lack thereof) is a cause of a wide range of intractable social problems, including constrained economic mobility. The measure of intelligence chosen by the authors is the well-known intelligent quotient (IQ). Numerous tests have been developed to measure IQ; Herrnstein and Murray use the Armed Forces Qualification Test (AFQT), originally designed to measure the cognitive ability of military recruits. Psychologists traditionally treat IQ as a random variable having a normal distribution with mean

$$\mu = 100$$

and standard deviation

$$\sigma = 15$$

In their book, Herrnstein and Murray refer to five cognitive classes of people defined by percentiles of the normal distribution. Class I (“very bright”) consists of those with IQs above the 95th percentile; Class II (“bright”) are those with IQs between the 75th and 95th percentiles; Class III (“normal”) includes IQs between the 25th and 75th percentiles; Class IV (“dull”) are those with IQs between the 5th and 25th percentiles; and Class V (“very dull”) are IQs below the 5th percentile. a. Assuming that the distribution of IQ is accurately represented by the normal curve, determine the proportion of people with IQs in each of the five cognitive classes defined by Herrnstein and Murray. b. Although Herrnstein and Murray define the cognitive classes in terms of percentiles, they stress that IQ scores should be compared with z -scores, not percentiles. In other words, it is more informative to give the difference in z -scores for two IQ scores than it is to give the difference in percentiles. Do you agree?

The primary difference between sleep terrors and nightmares is:
a. sleep terrors usually begin with a scream
b. children do not remember nightmares
c. sleep terrors occur during NREM sleep
d. sleep terrors are more prevalent in the population

Regarding sensation and perception, which of the following statements is true?

a) Perception generally precedes sensation in our processing of a stimulus.

b) Sensation and perception are essentially synonyms.

c) Sensation involves the interpretation of a stimulus, whereas perception does not.

d) Sensation involves the activation of sense receptors; perception involves interpretation.

In order to study mind and behavior, psychologists ________________________.

Explain why the middle term of

$$(x+5)^2$$

is 10x.