Mark Wooden sent an e-mail to an alderwoman for the city of St. Louis. Attached was a nineteen-minute audio le that compared her to the biblical character Jezebel. e audio said she was a “bitch in the Sixth Ward,” spending too much time with the rich and powerful and too little time with the poor. In a menacing, maniacal tone, Wooden said that he was “dusting o a sawed-o shotgun,” called himself a “domestic terrorist,” and referred to the assassination of President John Kennedy, the murder of federal judge John Roll, and the shooting of Representative Gabrielle Giords. Feeling threatened, the alderwoman called the police. Wooden was convicted of harassment under a state criminal statute. Was this conviction unconstitutional under the First Amendment? Discuss. [State of Missouri v. Wooden, 388 S.W.3d 522 (Mo. 2013)]

“Crime Finds the Never Married” is the conclusion drawn in an article from USA Today (June 29, 2001). This conclusion is based on data from the Justice Department’s National Crime Victimization Survey, which estimated the number of violent crimes per 1000 people, 12 years of age or older, to be 51 for the never married, 42 for the divorced or separated, 13 for married individuals, and 8 for the widowed. Does being single cause an increased risk of violent crime? Describe a potential confounding variable that illustrates why it is unreasonable to conclude that a change in marital status causes a change in crime risk.

Find the P-value of the test statistic. Sketch the sampling distribution and show the area corresponding to the P-value. Is the national crime rate really going down? Some sociologists say yes! They say that the reason for the decline in crime rates in the 1980s and 1990s is demographics. It seems that the population is aging, and older people commit fewer crimes. According to the FBI and the Justice Department, 70% of all arrests are of males aged 15 to 34 years. Suppose that you are a sociologists in Rock Springs, Wyoming, and a random sample of police files showed that of 32 arrests last month, 24 were of males aged 15 to 34 years. Use a 1% level of significance to test the claim that the population proportion of such arrests in Rock Springs is different from 70%.

Match the definition in Column B with the word in Column A. Write the letter of the correct definition on the answer line.

Column A

extant ______________

Column B

a. existing or occurring at the same time; an accompanying state, condition, or thing

b. still in existence; not destroyed, lost, or extinct

c. of, pertaining to, or typical of the earliest time or condition; primitive; remaining in a pure state

d. incapable of being changed, undone, or retracted; irreversible

e. a gap or interruption in space, time, or continuity

f. to make used to something undesirable, especially by prolonged subjection; accustom

g. the quality, state, or condition of being everlasting; time without end; eternity

h. the state or quality of passing into and out of existence; impermanence

i. a span of one thousand years; a hoped-for period of great joy, prosperity, and justice

j. an indefinitely long period of time; the longest division of geologic time, containing two or more eras

** Equal Protection**. Abbott Laboratories licensed SmithKline Beecham Corp. to market an Abbott human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) drug in conjunction with one of SmithKline's drugs. Abbott then increased the price of its drug fourfold, forcing SmithKline to increase its prices and thereby driving business to Abbott's own combination drug. SmithKline filed a suit in a federal district court against Abbott. During jury selection, Abbott struck the only self-identified gay person among the potential jurors. (The pricing of HIV drugs is of considerable concern in the gay community.) Could the equal protection clause be applied to prohibit discrimination based on sexual orientation in juryActi selection? Discuss. [SmithKline Beecham Corp. v. Abbott Laboratories, $740$ F.$3$d $471$ ($9$th Cir. $2014$)] (See Due Process and Equal Protection.)

Fill each blank with the word from the list below that best fits the context.

$$\begin{array}{lllll}\text { circumlocution } & \text { circumspect } & \text { coalesce } & \text { collaborate } & \text { correspond } \\ \text { obliterate } & \text { obstruct } & \text { perplex } & \text { persist } & \text { preclude } \\ \text { preconceive } & \text { prefabricate } & \text { preface } & \text { premature } & \text { premeditate } \\ \text { presume } & \text { preview } & \text { prominent } & \text { prospect } & \text { provoke }\end{array}$$

The defense witness's testimony did not at all ______ with that of the prosecution witness. Was it possibly an attempt to ______ justice?

Read each of the following quotes from the biblical book Proverbs. Provide an argument why these quotes may or may not be called statements. (a) "A gentle answer turns away wrath."-Proverbs 15:1. (b) "A hot-tempered person stirs up conflict, but the one who is patient calms a quarrel."-Proverbs 15:18. (c) "When justice is done, it brings joy to the righteous but terror to evildoers."-Proverbs 21:15. (d) "Do not exploit the poor because they are poor and do not crush the needy in court."-Proverbs 22:22. (e) "Apply your heart to instruction and your ears to words of knowledge."-Proverbs 23:12.

The U.S. Bureau of Justice released the following probabilities for those arrested for committing various felony crimes in the United States:

$$\begin{aligned} &\text { Probability of Being }\\ &\begin{array}{lccc} \text { Crime } & \text { Prosecuted } & \text { Convicted } & \begin{array}{c} \text { Jailed for } \\ >1 \text { Year } \end{array} \\ \hline \text { Homicide } & 0.91 & 0.75 & 0.73 \\ \text { Assault } & 0.79 & 0.64 & 0.15 \\ \text { Burglary } & 0.88 & 0.81 & 0.28 \\ \text { Arson } & 0.88 & 0.72 & 0.28 \\ \text { Drug offenses } & 0.78 & 0.69 & 0.19 \\ \text { Weapons } & 0.83 & 0.70 & 0.13 \\ \text { Public disorder } & 0.92 & 0.85 & 0.12 \end{array} \end{aligned}$$

Allen has been arrested for burglary, Bill has been arrested for a weapons offense, and Charlie has been arrested on a public-disorder charge. Assuming these individuals are typical perpetrators and the decisions regarding their respective fates are unrelated, determine the probability that Source: U.S. Bureau of Justice, as reported in Sam Meddis, "Felony Arrests: Short Terms," USA Today, January 18, 1988, p. 9A.

b. either Allen or Bill (or both) will be convicted.

Match the definition in Column B with the word in Column A. Write the letter of the correct definition on the answer line.

Column A

concomitant ______________

Column B

a. existing or occurring at the same time; an accompanying state, condition, or thing

b. still in existence; not destroyed, lost, or extinct

c. of, pertaining to, or typical of the earliest time or condition; primitive; remaining in a pure state

d. incapable of being changed, undone, or retracted; irreversible

e. a gap or interruption in space, time, or continuity

f. to make used to something undesirable, especially by prolonged subjection; accustom

g. the quality, state, or condition of being everlasting; time without end; eternity

h. the state or quality of passing into and out of existence; impermanence

i. a span of one thousand years; a hoped-for period of great joy, prosperity, and justice

j. an indefinitely long period of time; the longest division of geologic time, containing two or more eras

What is the level of significance? State the null and alternate hypotheses. Is the national crime rate really going down? Some sociologists say yes! They say that the reason for the decline in crime rates in the 1980s and 1990s is demographics. It seems that the population is aging, and older people commit fewer crimes. According to the FBI and the Justice Department, 70% of all arrests are of males aged 15 to 34 years. Suppose that you are a sociologists in Rock Springs, Wyoming, and a random sample of police files showed that of 32 arrests last month, 24 were of males aged 15 to 34 years. Use a 1% level of significance to test the claim that the population proportion of such arrests in Rock Springs is different from 70%.

Although older Americans are most afraid of crime, it is young people who are more likely to be the actual victims of crime. It seems that older people are more cautious about the people with whom they associate. A national survey showed that 10$\%$ of all people ages 16- 19 have been victims of crime (Reference: Bureau of" Justice Statistics). At Jefferson High School, a random sample of n = 68 students (ages 16-19) showed that r=10 had been victims of a crime. How large a sample size should be used to be 95$\%$ sure that the sample proportion $\hat{p}$ population proportion of all students in this school (ages 16-19) who have been victims of a crime?

Match the definition in Column B with the word in Column A. Write the letter of the correct definition on the answer line.

Column A

eon ______________

Column B

a. existing or occurring at the same time; an accompanying state, condition, or thing

b. still in existence; not destroyed, lost, or extinct

c. of, pertaining to, or typical of the earliest time or condition; primitive; remaining in a pure state

d. incapable of being changed, undone, or retracted; irreversible

e. a gap or interruption in space, time, or continuity

f. to make used to something undesirable, especially by prolonged subjection; accustom

g. the quality, state, or condition of being everlasting; time without end; eternity

h. the state or quality of passing into and out of existence; impermanence

i. a span of one thousand years; a hoped-for period of great joy, prosperity, and justice

j. an indefinitely long period of time; the longest division of geologic time, containing two or more eras

Solve the following problem.

According the U.S. Department of Justice, the following table gives the number (in thousands) of violent crimes committed in the given years.

(a) Let x = 4 correspond to the year 2004. Find a quadratic function f(x) = a(x-h)$^2$+k that models these data using (6, 1418) as the vertex and the data for 2009.

(b) Estimate the number of violent crimes in 2012.

Identity theft victims. According to The National Crime Victimization Survey (September 2015), published by the U.S. Department of Justice, about $17.6$ million people were victims of identity theft over the past year. This number represents $7 \%$ of all persons age 16 or older in the United States. Of these victims, $86 \%$ reported that the identity theft occurred from the unauthorized use of a credit card. Consider a randomly selected person of age 16 or older in the United States. What is the probability that this person was a victim of identity theft?