Meiotic nondisjunction usually occurs during meiosis I. What is not separating properly: bivalents or sister chromatids? What is not separating properly during mitotic nondisjunction?

Define genetics, genome, chromosome, gene, genetic code, genotype, phenotype, and genomics.

What is the outcome after meiosis if nondisjunction occurs in meiosis II during gametogenesis?

if nondisjunction occurs

What occurs during nondisjunction?

In spermatogenesis, meiosis results in the formation of ______

What is an allodiploid? What factor determines the fertility of an allodiploid? Why are allotetraploids more likely to be fertile?

Describe the differences between spermatogenesis and oogenesis.

(a) In humans, the mitochondrial genome encodes a low number of proteins, rRNAs, and tRNAs but imports approximately $1100$ proteins encoded by the nuclear genome. Yet, with such a small proportion from the mitochondrial genome encoding proteins and RNAs, a disproportionately high number of genetic disorders due to mtDNA mutations have been identified (Bigger, B. et al. $1999$). What inheritance pattern would you expect in a three-generation pedigree in which the grandfather expresses the initial mtDNA defect? What inheritance pattern would you expect in a three-generation pedigree in which the grandmother expresses the initial mtDNA defect?
(b) Considering the description in part (a) above, how would your pedigrees change if you knew that the mutation that caused the mitochondrial defect was recessive and located in the nuclear genome, was successfully transported into mitochondria, and negated a physiologically important mitochondrial function?

Which human mitochondrial disease is caused by a mutation in a gene required for ATP synthesis?

Meiotic nondisjunction is much more likely than mitotic nondisjunction. Based on this observation, would you conclude that meiotic nondisjunction is usually due to nondisjunction during meiosis I or meiosis II? Explain your reasoning.

which phase of meiosis is similar to metaphase in mitosis?

Which phase of meiosis match those of mitosis in regards to the events occurring in the cell?

At what stage of meiosis does independent assortment occur?