One of the steps in the biological pathway for carbohydrate metabolism is the conversion of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate into dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. Propose a mechanism for the transformation.

is one way in which people can help reset their biological clocks. a. Light-dark exposure b. coffee consumption c. alcohol consumption d. napping

Packaging material for biological evidence, including bloodstained evidence, should be made of $\rule{1cm}{1pt}$ to ensure a constant circulation of air through them.

Damage How many rad of $200 \mathrm{~keV}$ X-rays cause the same amount of biological damage as $50 \mathrm{~rad}$ of heavy ions?

What absorbed dose (in rads) of $\alpha$ particles (RBE=15) causes as much biological damage as a 60-rad dose of protons (RBE=10)?

A standardized biological microscope has a n 8.0-mm-focal-length objective. What focal-length eyepiece should be used to achieve a total magnification of 100X?

Mosses help start new biological communities by (a) detecting air pollution (b) forming new soil $(c)$ producing spores (d) slowing decomposition .

Evidence supporting biological evolution is found in the fossil record and in

A. adaptations to changing environments.

B. similar anatomies and embryos.

C. offspring with various traits.

D. layers of sediment.

Which category has more biological meaning-all brown birds or all birds descended from a hawklike ancestor? Why?

What is most likely the reason for the standard state for $\mathrm{H}^{+}$being defined as $1 \times 10^{-7} M$ in biological systems?
a) It is an arbitrary convention.
b) Physiological conditions reduce all concentrations by a factor of $10^7$.
c) Physiological conditions increase all concentrations by a factor of $10^7$.
d) Biological systems have a $\mathrm{pH}$ of about 7 .

Explain why the biological process of converting glucose into carbon dioxide and water occurs at a much lower temperature than combustion, even though the energy released is the same.

Give the pros and cons of the evolutionary species concept and the biological species concept. Give an example to show that DNA sequence data can distinguish species.

One of the amino acids in the table is the biological precursor to $\gamma$-aminobutyric acid (4-aminobutanoic acid), which it forms by a decarboxylation reaction. Which amino acid is this?

Which statements are true? Explain why or why not. Gene duplication and divergence is thought to have played a critical role in the evolution of increased biological complexity.