"Part of the myth about the first Americans is that all of them ... had one cul­- ture ... the white man turned everything upside down. Three elements were important in the early influence: the dislodgement of eastern tribes, the intro­- duction of the horse, and metal tools and firearms.

"The British invaders of the New World, and to lesser degree the French, came to colonize. They came in thousands to occupy the land. They were, therefore, in direct competition with the Indians and acted accordingly, despite their verbal adherence to fine principles of justice and fair dealing. The Spanish came quite frankly to conquer, to Christianize .... They came in small num­ bers .... and the Indian labor force was essential to their aims. Therefore they did not dislodge or exterminate the Indians ....

"The Spanish, then did not set populations in motion. That was done chiefly from the east. The great Spanish contribution was the horse."

-Oliver LaFarge, anthropologist, "Myths That Hide the American Indian," The American Indian: Past and Present, $1971$

Which of the following best describes something Europeans introduced in the Americas that helped American Indians survive colonization?

(A) European introduced new farming methods, which enabled Ameri­- can Indians to maintain their agricultural heritage

(B) Europeans introduced metal tools, which led to increased trade and better relationships with Europeans

(C ) Europeans introduced horses, which transformed the cultures of American Indians on the Great Plains

(D) Europeans introduced Christianity, which brought unity among American Indians

"They were begging for workers. They didn't care whether you were black, white, young, old .... I got caught up in that patriotic "win the war," "help the boys." The patriotism that was so strong in everyone then ....

"The first paycheck I got in aircraft was more money than I'd ever seen in my life. I didn't even know what to do with it. I didn't have a bank account. You couldn't buy anything much ....

" Soap was rationed, butter, Kleenex, toilet paper, toothpaste, cigarettes, clothing, shoes. And you saw people making a lot of money and not doing anything for the war effort ....

"By $1944$ a lot of people were questioning the war .... I think when we actually began to see boys come home in late $1943, 1944$ -those that had been injured .... -then the rumbles grew into roars, and the young people thought maybe they were being led into this."

-Juanita Loveless, African American worker in a war plant, Rosie the Riveter Revisited, $1988$

During World War II, unlike in earlier wars, the U.S. government took action to

(A) tax incomes

(B) sell war bonds

(C ) provide equal pay for women

(D) freeze wages and prices

"They were begging for workers. They didn't care whether you were black, white, young, old .... I got caught up in that patriotic "win the war," "help the boys." The patriotism that was so strong in everyone then ....

"The first paycheck I got in aircraft was more money than I'd ever seen in my life. I didn't even know what to do with it. I didn't have a bank account. You couldn't buy anything much ....

" Soap was rationed, butter, Kleenex, toilet paper, toothpaste, cigarettes, clothing, shoes. And you saw people making a lot of money and not doing anything for the war effort ....

"By $1944$ a lot of people were questioning the war .... I think when we actually began to see boys come home in late $1943, 1944$ -those that had been injured .... -then the rumbles grew into roars, and the young people thought maybe they were being led into this."

-Juanita Loveless, African American worker in a war plant, Rosie the Riveter Revisited, $1988$

How did the outbreak of the war change the country's economy?

(A) Factory jobs paid higher wages but rationing limited spending

(B) Taxes increased so much that people could not afford to buy much

(C ) The sale of war bonds got money circulating again

(D) Union demands for higher wages caused prices to increase dramatically

"They were begging for workers. They didn't care whether you were black, white, young, old .... I got caught up in that patriotic "win the war," "help the boys." The patriotism that was so strong in everyone then ....

"The first paycheck I got in aircraft was more money than I'd ever seen in my life. I didn't even know what to do with it. I didn't have a bank account. You couldn't buy anything much ....

" Soap was rationed, butter, Kleenex, toilet paper, toothpaste, cigarettes, clothing, shoes. And you saw people making a lot of money and not doing anything for the war effort ....

"By $1944$ a lot of people were questioning the war .... I think when we actually began to see boys come home in late $1943, 1944$ -those that had been injured .... -then the rumbles grew into roars, and the young people thought maybe they were being led into this."

-Juanita Loveless, African American worker in a war plant, Rosie the Riveter Revisited, $1988$

One group of people whose lives improved during World War II were

(A) Women working in factories who received equal pay with men

(B) Mexican American farmworkers who won citizenship

(C ) American Indians who made life on reservations better

(D) African Americans who moved to jobs in the North and West

"That evening there was a general discussion in regard to the main subject in hunters' minds. Colorado had passed stringent laws that were practically pro­- hibitory against buffalo-hunting; the Legislature of Kansas did the same ....

"General Phil. Sheridan was then in command of the military department of the Southwest. ... when he heard of the nature of the Texas bill for the protection of the buffaloes .... He told them that instead of stopping the hunt­- ers they ought to give them a hearty, unanimous vote of thanks. . . . 'These men ... will do more in the next year, to settle the vexed Indian question ... they are destroying the Indians' commissary ... .'

"But there are two sides to the question. It is simply a case of the survival of the fittest. Too late to stop and moralize now. And sentiment must have no part in our thoughts from this time on."

-John R. Cook, soldier, hunter, and author, On Buffaloes and Indians, $1877$

The efforts to protect the buffalo herds in the $1870$s were directed by which of the following movements that was developing in that decade?

(A) Grange

(B) Conservationists

(C ) Assimilationists

(D) National Labor Union

• Solamente una de las siguientes afirmaciones es verdadera según la información contenida en el párrafo (1). ¿Qué afirmación es? . A causa de la publicidad se acaba seleccionando artículos inapropiados. . La publicidad de medicamentos es ilegal, según la normativa. . Los anuncios afectan a la voluntad de los compradores y, a veces, también a sus ahorros. . Los jóvenes y las mujeres son los más afectados negativamente por la publicidad.
• ¿Qué tres palabras en el párrafo (1) significan “vulnerar”? Basándote en el párrafo (2) elige la opción que tiene el mismo significado que la palabra en negrita.
• aquellos anuncios publicitarios que inducen a error . inculcan . apartan . llevan
• la ley faculta a las asociaciones de consumidores . autoriza . deniega . prohíbe
• el cese de publicidad falsa o engañosa . emisión . censura . interrupción
• puede ser perseguida y sancionada como fraude . estafa . freno . mentira
• su disponibilidad . ocupación . existencia . capacidad
• la identidad o cualificación del anunciante . actitud . preparación . especificación Basándote en el párrafo (3) completa los espacios numerados (9–15) con una palabra tomada de esta lista. y si así se ni de por no entre para a sobre sin Basándote en el párrafo (3) identifica las palabras del texto Que significan:
• incierto
• marca
• pliegue
• sanador
• denunciar
• ¿Qué dos palabras en el párrafo (3) significan “verificar”?
• ¿Qué dos palabras en el párrafo (3) significan “garantizar”? Basándote en el párrafo (4) completa las siguientes frases con palabras tomadas del texto
• Cuando la publicidad tenga un formato impreso es recomendable ... antes de dirigirse a la empresa.
• Si la respuesta a la queja no es de su agrado, este es el momento de pedir... e intercesión en alguna agrupación de ayuda al comprador.
• En ningún caso el empresario se verá obligado a aceptar... reclamado por el comprador.
• El envío de un telegrama es un modo ... de comunicarse con el empresario en caso de fraude. Basándote en el párrafo (4) identifica las palabras del texto que significan:
• obtener
• constatable
• divulgarse
• orientación
• optativo Basándote en el párrafo (5) indica si estas frases son verdaderas (V), falsas (F) o no se mencionan (NM). Corrige las frases falsas.
• La Asociación de Autocontrol de la Publicidad procesa todas las quejas aparecidas en el país.
• El comprador puede reclamar para aclarar sus privilegios claramente incumplidos.
• Antes había que esperar un año para presentar las quejas.
• La presencia física del comprador agilizará los trámites.
• El precio del servicio varía según el tipo de asociación que apoye al consumidor.
• La resolución final será rápida para las compañías adheridas. Basándote en el texto, copia y completa la tabla en tu cuaderno. En la frase... la(s) palabra(s) en el texto se refiere(n) a...
• ... influir en sus decisiones de compra... “sus” ( párrafo 1)
• ... pueden afectar a su comportamiento “su” económico... ( párrafo 2)
• ...su disponibilidad... (párrafo 2) “su”
• ...dicen proporcionar efectos beneficiosos... “dicen” ( párrafo 3)
• ...no le ofrece una solución satisfactoria... “le” ( párrafo 4)
• ...quien resuelve las reclamaciones y “quien” controversias... ( párrafo 5)

• ¿Qué palabra del párrafo (1) se refiere a alguien que tiene derecho a ejecutar o realizar algo de forma habitual?
• Solamente una de las siguientes afirmaciones es verdadera según la información contenida en el párrafo (2). ¿Qué afirmación es? . La sociedad española se beneficia del transporte europeo de menor precio. . Los que viajan a menudo se benefician tanto como en otros países. . Aparentemente viajar en metro en España resulta muy económico. . Un viaje de ida siempre vale más dinero en España. Basándote en el párrafo (3) completa las siguientes frases con palabras tomadas del texto
• El uso frecuente del transporte público resulta muy costoso tanto a la gente trabajadora como a...
• Sin salir de las mismas capas... la capital española resulta más cara que la mayoría de las capitales europeas
• Sin embargo, las personas con menor poder adquisitivo se benefician de una... Basándote en los párrafos (1), (2) y (3) identifica las palabras del texto que significan:
• casi
• común
• impresión
• boleto -0 rebaja
• arañar
• tasa
• nivel
• ganancia
• jubilado
• ¿Qué sentido metafórico tiene la expresión “rascar más el bolsillo” en el párrafo (3)? Basándote en el párrafo (4) elige la opción que tiene el mismo significado que la palabra en negrita.
• trabajando en promover . trasladar . procurar . prometer
• una movilidad sostenible . capaz de mantenerse por sí misma . protegida . sucesiva
• ya que los gastos de tener un auto en propiedad . desembolso . ahorros . beneficios
• rondan los 6000 euros al año para la economía familiar . compensa . superan . giran alrededor de
• Solamente una de las siguientes frases es falsa según la información contenida en el párrafo (5). ¿Qué afirmación es? . CC.OO. exige la ampliación del transporte de balde para menores de 16 años. . La idea es fomentar el uso del transporte público de forma rutinaria. . Los estudiantes de ESO y Bachillerato han comenzado este año a disfrutar de esta nueva iniciativa. . Los estudiantes más jóvenes de Tarragona ya se benefician de varios trayectos gratuitos al día. Basándote en los párrafos (6) y (7) completa los espacios numerados (22–28) con una palabra tomada de esta lista. tantos hasta en de están entre desde se unos tales hay es como por Basandote en los parrafos (6) y (7) indica si estas frases son verdaderas (V), falsas (F) o no se mencionan (NM) e indica las palabras del texto que justifican tu respuesta.
• Un ciudadano de Vigo tiene derecho a un descuento superior al 30% en el transporte colectivo.
• Los estudiantes de Cartagena pueden viajar indefinidamente con su abono universitario.
• Los alumnos de Madrid pueden usar una línea especial de metro para ir a estudiar a Alcalá de Henares.
• Los menores de edad viajan gratuitamente en Tarragona.
• El Bonobús Joven en Sevilla autoriza el uso ilimitado a partir de los 29 años.
• CC.OO. ha anunciado medidas para los próximos 30 años en España. Basándote en los párrafos (6) y (7) identifica las palabras del texto que significan:
• provechoso
• empleado
• tener
• traslado
• sugerencia Basándote en el texto, copia y completa la tabla en tu cuaderno. En la frase... la(s) palabra(s) en el texto se refiere(n) a...
• ...ubirse al metro o al autobús de forma diaria “le” no sólo le sale más caro... (párrafo 3)
• ...tienen un título especial que les permite... “les” (párrafo 5)
• ...10–14 euros al mes con el que pueden “el” viajar...(párrafo 6)
• ...con el que se ahorran entre el 36 “el” y el 80%... (párrafo 6)

"That evening there was a general discussion in regard to the main subject in hunters' minds. Colorado had passed stringent laws that were practically pro­- hibitory against buffalo-hunting; the Legislature of Kansas did the same ....

"General Phil. Sheridan was then in command of the military department of the Southwest. ... when he heard of the nature of the Texas bill for the protection of the buffaloes .... He told them that instead of stopping the hunt­- ers they ought to give them a hearty, unanimous vote of thanks. . . . 'These men ... will do more in the next year, to settle the vexed Indian question ... they are destroying the Indians' commissary ... .'

"But there are two sides to the question. It is simply a case of the survival of the fittest. Too late to stop and moralize now. And sentiment must have no part in our thoughts from this time on."

-John R. Cook, soldier, hunter, and author, On Buffaloes and Indians, $1877$

John Cook 's philosophy toward buffalo hunting and the future of American Indians shows the influence of the idea of

(A) gospel of wealth

(B) laissez faire

(C ) Social Darwinism

"That evening there was a general discussion in regard to the main subject in hunters' minds. Colorado had passed stringent laws that were practically pro­- hibitory against buffalo-hunting; the Legislature of Kansas did the same ....

"General Phil. Sheridan was then in command of the military department of the Southwest. ... when he heard of the nature of the Texas bill for the protection of the buffaloes .... He told them that instead of stopping the hunt­- ers they ought to give them a hearty, unanimous vote of thanks. . . . 'These men ... will do more in the next year, to settle the vexed Indian question ... they are destroying the Indians' commissary ... .'

"But there are two sides to the question. It is simply a case of the survival of the fittest. Too late to stop and moralize now. And sentiment must have no part in our thoughts from this time on."

-John R. Cook, soldier, hunter, and author, On Buffaloes and Indians, $1877$

In the $1870$s, after wars with American Indians and shifts in public opinion, the government began basing its Indian policies on

(A) establishing tribal reservations

(B) supporting tribal culture

(C ) removing Indians to lands farther west

(D) assimilating Indians into white culture

"Part of the myth about the first Americans is that all of them ... had one cul­- ture ... the white man turned everything upside down. Three elements were important in the early influence: the dislodgement of eastern tribes, the intro­- duction of the horse, and metal tools and firearms.

"The British invaders of the New World, and to lesser degree the French, came to colonize. They came in thousands to occupy the land. They were, therefore, in direct competition with the Indians and acted accordingly, despite their verbal adherence to fine principles of justice and fair dealing. The Spanish came quite frankly to conquer, to Christianize .... They came in small num­ bers .... and the Indian labor force was essential to their aims. Therefore they did not dislodge or exterminate the Indians ....

"The Spanish, then did not set populations in motion. That was done chiefly from the east. The great Spanish contribution was the horse."

-Oliver LaFarge, anthropologist, "Myths That Hide the American Indian," The American Indian: Past and Present, $1971$

United States policy toward the American Indians in the $19$th century was most similar to the colonial Indian policy of the

(A) British

(B) Dutch

(C ) French

(D) Spanish

Compare and contrast the prevailing attitudes of the American people in the periods following World War I and World War II

"Besides being political to the core, Clinton is notable for his intelligence, energy, and exceptional articulateness. He is also marked by a severe lack of self-discipline that leads to difficulties, and a resiliency and coolness under pressure .... The most damaging blow of the year for Clinton was the failure of his most ambitious policy initiative, a bill guaranteeing health care to all Americans ....

"Clinton's first two years in the White House were marked by such legis­ lative successes as NAFTA, the creation of a youth volunteer corps, a major deficit-reduction measure, and a law permitting family members to take unpaid leave to attend to children and sick relatives .... Clinton seems certain to be recognized for moving the Democratic party to the center of the political spec­ trum and for many incremental policy departures."

-Fred I. Greenstein, political scientist, The Presidential Difference,

$$2000$$

Based on Clinton's actions as president, which of the following most accurately describes his political philosophy?

(A) radical

(B) pragmatic

(C ) conservative

(D) progressive

• Basándote en el párrafo (1) copia y completa el siguiente cuadro. verbo sustantivo adjetivo investigar – capacidad acercar construcción – acompañar – equiparar diferenciar posesión – Basándote en los párrafos (1) y (2) completa los espacios numerados (2–9) con una palabra tomada de esta lista. más (x2) entonces que (x2) tan cuando ya según a en entre Basándote en los párrafos (1) al (4) completa la siguiente información.
• Cita dos adjetivos que describan el tipo de interacción entre humanos y robots en el futuro.
• Cita una palabra sinónima de “robot”.
• Cita dos ambientes en los que estamos acostumbrados a ver robots en la actualidad.
• Cita tres ámbitos donde tendremos robots en el futuro.
• Cita los tres adjetivos que describen los ambientes a los que los obreros evitarán exponerse con la incorporación de los robots al mundo laboral. Basándote en el texto, copia y completa la tabla en tu cuaderno. En la frase... la(s) palabra(s) en el texto se refiere(n) a...
• Entonces nuestra relación con ellos “ellos” será ...(párrafo 1)
• ...y aquellas que no las posean. “las” (párrafo 2)
• ...no las utilicemos como piezas de “las” reemplazo ... (párrafo 7) Basándote en el párrafo (4) transcribe la palabra que significa:
• peculiaridad
• perjudiciales
• cultivar
• erradicar
• resolver
• en el trabajo
• originar Basándote en el texto indica si estas frases son verdaderas (V) o falsas (F) y escribe las palabras del texto que justifican tu respuesta.
• Los robots podrán ocuparse de educar a los niños en el futuro.
• Todos los robots serán del mismo tamaño.
• Una vez que la tecnología robótica se desarrolle algunos tipos de cirugía serán superfluos.
• Falta mucho para que los robots puedan ser utilizados en nuestras vidas diarias con frecuencia.
• Están claras las consecuencias que tendrá la introducción de los robots en nuestras vidas diarias. Basándote en los párrafos (5) al (7) completa las siguientes frases para que tengan sentido.
• El impacto de los robots... . dependerá de su tamaño. . no será muy grande. . afectará a cómo se practica la medicina.
• La nanotecnología... . nos permitirá construir robots diminutos. . ha tardado poco tiempo en desarrollarse. . se usa ya en cirugía.
• La nueva tecnología... . no afectará mucho a nuestras vidas. . conllevará cambios en las vidas de las personas que las posean y las personas que no las posean. . será usada por todos.

"Besides being political to the core, Clinton is notable for his intelligence, energy, and exceptional articulateness. He is also marked by a severe lack of self-discipline that leads to difficulties, and a resiliency and coolness under pressure .... The most damaging blow of the year for Clinton was the failure of his most ambitious policy initiative, a bill guaranteeing health care to all Americans ....

"Clinton's first two years in the White House were marked by such legis­ lative successes as NAFTA, the creation of a youth volunteer corps, a major deficit-reduction measure, and a law permitting family members to take unpaid leave to attend to children and sick relatives .... Clinton seems certain to be recognized for moving the Democratic party to the center of the political spec­ trum and for many incremental policy departures."

-Fred I. Greenstein, political scientist, The Presidential Difference,

$$2000$$

Which is the most important reason why many Americans viewed Clinton's presidency as a success?

(A) Clinton's personal popularity

(B) Clinton's peacekeeping and humanitarian efforts

(C ) economic expansion

(D) democratic control of Congress