R134a is flowed into an insulated 0.2-m3 initially empty container from a line at 500 kPa, saturated vapor until the flow stops by itself. Find the final mass and temperature in the container and the total irreversibility in the process.

A sealed, rigid vessel of 2 m3 contains a saturated mixture of liquid and vapor R134a at 10$^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. If it is heated to 50$^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$, the liquid phase disappears. Find the pressure at 50$^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and the initial mass of the liquid.

Propane,

$$C_3H_8,$$

liquefies under modest pressure, allowing a large amount to be stored in a container. Calculate the number of moles of propane gas in a 110-L container at 3.00 atm and

$$27 ^ { \circ } \mathrm { C }$$

An insulated tank containing $0.2 \mathrm{~m}^{3}$ of saturated water vapor at $350 \mathrm{~kPa}$ is connected to an initially evacuated, insulated piston-cylinder device. The mass of the piston is such that a pressure of $200 \mathrm{~kPa}$ is required to raise it. Now the valve is opened slightly, and part of the steam flows to the cylinder, raising the piston. This process continues until the pressure in the tank drops to $200 \mathrm{~kPa}$. Assuming the steam that remains in the tank to have undergone a reversible adiabatic process, Find the final temperature $(a)$ in the rigid tank and $(b)$ in the cylinder.

Ammonia, 2 kg, at 400 kPa, 40$^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ is in a piston/ cylinder together with an unknown mass of saturated liquid ammonia at 400 kPa. The piston is loaded, so it maintains constant pressure, and the two masses are allowed to mix to a final uniform state of saturated vapor without external heat transfer. Find the total exergy destruction (irreversibility) in the process.

From the experimental evidence that the force between nucleons has a range of about 1 fm, obtain a rough value (in MeV/$c^2$) for the mass of the particle exchanged to convey this force, the pion.

A horizontal cylinder is separated into two compartments by an adiabatic, frictionless piston. One side contains $0.2 \mathrm{m}^{3}$ of nitrogen and the other side contains 0.1 kg of helium, both initially at $20^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and 95 kPa. The sides of the cylinder and the helium end are insulated. Now heat is added to the nitrogen side from a reservoir at $500^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ until the pressure of the helium rises to 120 kPa. Determine (a ) the final temperature of the helium, (b ) the final volume of the nitrogen, (c) the heat transferred to the nitrogen, and (d) the entropy generation during this process.

A car air-conditioning unit has a 0.5-kg aluminum storage cylinder that is sealed with a valve. It contains 2 L of refrigerant R134a at 500 kPa, and both are at room temperature, 20$^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. It is now installed in a car sitting outside, where the whole system cools down to ambient temperature at −10$^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. What is the irreversibility of this process?

A flow of 4 kg/s ammonia goes through a device in a polytropic process with an inlet state of 150 kPa, −20$^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and an exit state of 400 kPa, 60$^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. Find the polytropic exponent n, the specific work, and the heat transfer.

A computer CPU chip consists of 50 g silicon, 20 g copper, and 50 g polyvinyl chloride (plastic). It heats from 15$^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ to 75$^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ as the computer is turned on. How much did the entropy increase?

A rigid tank contains 1.5 kg of R134a at 40$^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$, 500 kPa. The tank is placed in a refrigerator that brings it to −20$^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. Find the process heat transfer and show the process in a P–v diagram.

Two flows of air both at 200 kPa of equal flow rates mix in an insulated mixing chamber. One flow is at 1500 K, and the other is at 300 K. Find the irreversibility in the process per kilogram of air flowing out.

A piston–cylinder device contains steam that undergoes a reversible thermodynamic cycle. Initially the steam is at 400 kPa and $350^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ with a volume of $0.3 \mathrm{m}^{3}.$ The steam is first expanded isothermally to 150 kPa, then compressed adiabatically to the initial pressure, and finally compressed at the constant pressure to the initial state. Determine the net work and heat transfer for the cycle after you calculate the work and heat interaction for each process.

A piston-cylinder device contains steam that undergoes a reversible thermodynamic cycle. Initially the steam is at 400 kPa and 350$^\circ{}$C with a volume of 0.5 m^3. The steam is first expanded isothermally to 150 kPa, then compressed adiabatically to the initial pressure, and finally compressed at the constant pressure to the initial state. Determine the net work and heat transfer for the cycle after you calculate the work and heat interaction for each process.