Researchers are interested in finding out if voters are more likely to vote for congressional candidates who have more pleasant facial expressions. Starting at a random point, the researchers contact every hundredth person on the voter list to ask about candidate facial expressions. Which method are the researchers using in choosing the people they will call?

a. Random sample

b. Periodic sample

c. Biased sample

d. Survey

e. Operational definition

Researchers were interested in how "remember" and "know" judgments are related to memory accuracy. What did they find?

A researcher looking for gender differences in 3-yearolds observes a preschool class and records how many minutes children of each gender play with dolls. She then compares the two sets of numbers. What type of descriptive research is she conducting?

a. Case study

b. Experiment

c. Random sample method

d. Naturalistic observation

e. Survey

Psychiatrists differ from clinical psychologists in that they: a. help people cope with challenges and crises. b. conduct research c. explore how we view and affect one another d. experiment with how people perceive, think , and solve problems e. are medical doctors licensed to prescribe medication.

Why did large numbers of Americans vote for Republican congressional candidates who supported the Contract With America?

Why is an operational definition necessary when reporting research findings? a. An operational definition allows others to replicate the study. b. An operational definition provides more context and includes many examples of the concept described. c. An operational definition is easier to translate into multiple languages than a dictionary definition. d. An operational definition uses more scientific language than a dictionary definition. e. An operational definition is not necessary since a dictionary definition will work as well for replication.

Researchers are interested in finding out if winning Congressional candidates display more positive facial expressions than losing candidates. The researchers attend political debates and record how frequently each candidate displays positive facial expressions. Which research method are the researchers using? a. Random sample, b. Case study, c. Naturalistic observation, d. Survey, e. Interview.

Which of the following is an example of hindsight bias? a. Tom is certain that electric cars will represent 80 percent of vehicles in twenty years and only reads research studies that support his hypothesis. b. Liza underestimates how much time it will take her to finish writing her college application essays and as a result fails to meet an important deadline. c. Experts predicting world events with 80 percent confidence turned out to be correct less than 40 percent of the time. d. Marcy cannot recognize a definition on a flashcard. After turning the card over and viewing the term, she tells herself she knew what the answer was all along. e. Dr. Grace overestimates how effectively her new treatment method works because she fails to seek out any evidence refuting her theory.

The tendency to exaggerate the correctness or accuracy of our beliefs and predictions is called: a. hindsight bias. b. overconfidence. c. critical thinking. d. skepticism. e. reliability.

While taking a standardized test with randomly scrambled answers, you notice that your last four answers have been "c." Which of the following is true concerning the probability of the next answer being " $\mathrm{c}$ "?

a. It is higher. Once a streak begins, it is likely to last for a while.

b. It is lower. Since answers are distributed randomly, " $\mathrm{c}$ " answers become less common.

c. It is unaffected by previous answers. It is as likely to be " $c$ " as any other answer.

d. You should check your previous answers. Four " $c$ 's" in a row is impossible.

e. It is higher. Test constructors trick students by keeping the same answer many times in a row.

After the student council election, a friend tells you he could have guessed who would be elected president. What psychological phenomenon might this illustrate?

a. Common sense

b. Critical thinking

c. Hindsight bias random events

d. Overconfidence

e. Perceiving order in

The study of our human potential for personal growth has been a focus of which psychological perspective? a. Behavioral. b. Functionalist. c. Humanistic. d. Psychodynamic. e. Structuralist.

A researcher looking for gender differences in 3-year-olds observes a preschool class and records how many minutes children of each gender play with dolls. She then compares the two sets of numbers. What type of descriptive research is she conducting? a. Case study b. Experiment c. Random sample method d. Naturalistic observation e. Survey.

Which psychological perspective is most likely to focus on how our interpretation of a situation affects how we react to it? a. Psychodynamic b. Biological c. Social-cultural d. Evolutionary e. Cognitive