Scientists often use multiple types and sources of data in order to determine when different groups of organisms evolved. Taken together, the data can help construct an evolutionary history. What kind of evidence could help scientists determine whether eubacteria or archaebacteria evolved earlier on Earth? Write an essay that justifies what specific kinds of data would need to be collected to make this judgment.

For each of the following sentences, cross out any word that has an error in capitalization and correctly write the word above it.

Example 1. Next year I will take $\cancel{\text{fine arts}}$ (Fine Arts) II, $\cancel{\text{american}}$ (American) history, and $\cancel{\text{advanced algebra}}$ (Advanced Algebra).

14. Should I take portuguese or french next year?

The major literary work to emerge from the Mongols themselves, widely known as The Secret History of the Mongols, was written a decade or two after the death in $1227$ of Chinggis Khan. The unknown author of this work was clearly a contemporary of the Great Khan and likely a member of the royal household. The first selection discusses the Mongol practice of anda, a very close relationship between two unrelated men. The anda relationship of Temujin, the future Chinggis Khan, and his friend Jamugha was important in Temujin's rise to power, although they later broke with one another. The second selection from the Secret History describes the process by which Temujin was elevated to the rank of Chinggis Khan, the ruler of a united Mongol nation, while the third recounts the reflections of Ogodei, Chinggis Khan's son and successor, probably toward the end of his reign, which lasted from $1229$ to $1241$.

How would you describe the anda relationship?

When commercial aircraft are inspected, wing cracks are reported as nonexistent, detectable, or critical. The history of a particular fleet indicates that 70% of the planes inspected have no wing cracks, 25% have detectable wing cracks, and 5% have critical wing cracks. Five planes are randomly selected. Find the probability that one has a critical crack, two have detectable cracks, and two have no cracks.

At Fontaine Lake Camp on Lake Athabasca in northern Canada, history shows that about 30% of the guests catch lake trout over 20 pounds on a 4-day fishing trip. Let n be a random variable that represents the first trip to Fontaine Lake Camp on which a guest catches a lake trout over 20 pounds. Write out a formula for the probability distribution of the random variable n.

Most of the sentences in the following paragraph contain errors in pronoun usage. Identify each error, and then give the correct pronoun form. If a sentence is already correct, write $C$.

EXAMPLE: Mom showed Larry and I an old history book that she had found in the attic. I-me

Burroughs was an American naturalist and author; such books as Birds and Poets and Field and Study were written by he.

Revise each of the following sentences to reflect the rules of formal, standard English or to eliminate any sexist language. Cross out each nonstandard or sexist word, and write the standard or nonsexist word above it.

Example 1. $\cancel{\text{Beside}}$ (Besides) two courses in Spanish, Helen is taking a course in South American history.

10. You should never believe these kind of stories.

Underline the verbal phrases in the following sentences, and identify the phrase by writing PP (participial phrase), GP (gerund phrase), or IP (infinitive phrase) above the underlined words.

Example 1. $\overset{\textit{\color{#c34632}{PP}}}{{\underline{\text{Consumed hot or cold}}}}$ by a third of the world’s population, coffee is a drink with an interesting history.

Some people’s idea of a pleasant time is to drink coffee with friends.

Revise each of the following sentences to reflect the rules of formal, standard English or to eliminate any sexist language. Cross out each nonstandard or sexist word, and write the standard or nonsexist word above it.

Example 1. $\cancel{\text{Beside}}$ (Besides) two courses in Spanish, Helen is taking a course in South American history.

9. There wasn't no food left over from the picnic

An increasing number of public school districts are utilizing the iPad as a teaching tool. For example, one high school in Long Island recently distributed 47 iPads to the students and teachers in two humanities classes, with expectations that in time all 1,100 students will be provided with iPads (Hu 2011). Educators are divided on their opinion as to the academic benefit of iPads. Much research is needed to determine if iPads are an enhancement to learning or just another technological fad. Suppose that a random sample of high school teachers (math, history, science, and language teachers) were surveyed and asked, Do you think the iPad will enhance learning? Determine if there is an association between the subject taught and the response to this question.

$$\begin{array}{lcc} \hline & {\text { iPad Enhances Learning? }} \\ \hline \text { Subject } & \text { Yes } & \text { No } \\ \text { Math } & 68 & 32 \\ \text { History } & 70 & 30 \\ \text { Science } & 60 & 50 \\ \text { Language } & 50 & 40 \\ \hline \end{array}$$

What should the nurse teach a young woman with a history of urinary tract infections (UTIs) about UTI prevention? (Select all that apply.)

1. Keep the bowels regular.
2. Limit water intake to 1 to 2 glasses a day.
3. Wear cotton underwear.
4. Cleanse the perineum from front to back.
5. Practice pelvic muscle exercise (Kegel) daily.

What is the effect of Kennedy's repetition of "except" in lines 18-20? A It reveals how Kennedy would like to change the world's perception of the United States. B It shows that Americans are proud of their history of equality for all citizens. C It emphasizes the exclusion of African Americans from the freedoms experienced by most Americans. D It highlights Kennedy's view that the United States should spread freedom around the world.

In the following sentences. Insert parentheses to set off parenthetical elements. If a sentence is correct, write C at the end.

Example: Kylene (I've known her for seven years) loves to write poems.

Kylene was also impressed by the fact that Komachi supposedly one of the most beautiful women of her time was highly renowned during a period of Japanese history when women dominated society and literature.

The following information tells about notable events in the history of women's basketball. Use the facts given in the item below to write a complete sentence about the event cited. Include at least two prepositional phrases in the sentence, and underline each prepositional phrase that you use.

When: $1895$; Who: college instructor Clara Gregory Baer; What: publishes first set of rules-women's basketball