Select True or False to indicate which of the following groups could be identified using the biological species concept.

T/F lizard species living today
T/F sunflower species living today
T/F extinct dinosaurs
T/F bacteria living today

Disruptive selection maintains a bimodal distribution of bill size in the West African seedcracker because

a. bills of intermediate shapes are difficult to form.

b. the birds' two major food sources differ markedly in size and hardness.

c. males use their large bills in displays.

d. migrants introduce different bill sizes into the population each year.

e. older birds need larger bills than younger birds.

The end-of-year assets of the Medicare Hospital Insurance Trust Fund (in billions of dollars) for the years 2006 through 2014 are shown. 2006: 305.4, 2007: 326.0, 2008: 321.3, 2009: 304,.2 2010: 271.9, 2011: 244.2, 2012: 220.4, 2013: 205.4, 2014: 197.3. (a) Use the regression capabilities of a graphing utility to find a model of the form $M=a t^{3}+b t^{2}+c t+d$ for the data. Let t=6 represent 2006. (b) Use a graphing utility to plot the data and graph the model. (c) Find the maximum value of the model and compare the result with the actual data.

Write the answers to the following problem in the Working Papers. Your instructor will guide you through the following example.

$$\begin{matrix} \text{Trans. No.} & \text{Assets = } & \text{Liabilities +} & \text{Owner 's Equity}\\ \text{1}\\ \end{matrix}$$

For each transaction, place a plus sign (+) in the appropriate column if the account classification asset, liability, or owner's equity is increased. Place a minus sign (-) in the appropriate column if the account classification is decreased. Transactions: 1. Bought supplies on account. 2. Received cash from owner as an investment. 3. Paid cash for insurance. 4. Paid cash on account.

The Omega Corporation has some excess cash that it would like to invest in marketable securities for a long-term hold. Its vice president of finance is considering three investments (Omega Corporation is in a 35 percent tax bracket and the tax rate on dividends is 20 percent). Which one should she select based on aftertax return: (a) Treasury bonds at a 10 percent yield; (b) corporate bonds at a 13 percent yield; or (c) preferred stock at an 11 percent yield?

$$\begin{array}{c c} \small\text{A MONEY MANAGER FOR} \underline{\textbf{ Nancy and Joe Thomas}} & \small\text{DATE} \underline{\textbf{ 7/20/--}}\\[10pt] \text{Monthly Living Expenses} & \text{Monthly Fixed Expenses} \hspace{50pt}\\ \end{array}$$

$$\begin{array}{l r |l r} \hline \text{Food/Grocery Bill} & \$210.00 & \text{Rent/Mortgage Payment} & \$715.20\\ \text{Household Expenses} & & \text{Car Payment} & \underline{\$~~~~~~~~~~~}\\ ~~~\text{Electricity} & \$~~55.65 & \text{Other Installments}\\ ~~~\text{Heating Fuel} & \$~~63.75 & ~~~\text{Appliances} & \$~~57.75\\ ~~~\text{Telephone} & \$~~21.47 & ~~~\text{Furniture} & \$110.80\\ ~~~\text{Water} & \$~~31.80 & \text{Regular Savings} & \$~~75.00\\ ~~~\text{Garbage/Sewer Fee} & \$~~17.21 & \text{Emergency Fund} & \$~~50.00\\ ~~~\text{Other} \underline{\text{ Security}} & \$~~25.00 & \text{TOTAL} & \underline{\$~~~~~~~~~~~}\\ ~~~ \underline{\text{~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~}}& \underline{\$~~~~~~~~~~~} & \\[10pt] \text{Transportation} & & \textbf{ANNUAL EXPENSES} \\ ~~~\text{Gasoline/Oil} & \$~~60.00 & \text{Life Insurance} & \$480.00\\ ~~~\text{Parking} & \$~~35.00 & \text{Home Insurance} & \$180.00\\ ~~~\text{Tolls} & \$~~12.00 & \text{Car Insurance} & \$475.00\\ ~~~\text{Commuting} & \$~~20.00 & \text{Real Estate Taxes} & \$1200.00\\ ~~~\text{Other} \underline{\text{ Misc.}} & \$~~35.00 & \text{Car Registration} & \$~~26.50\\ & & \text{Pledges/Contributions} & \$360.00\\ \text{Personal Spending}& & ~~~\text{Other}\underline{\text{~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~}} & \underline{\$~~~~~~~~~~~}\\ ~~~ \text{Clothing} & \$100.00& \text{TOTAL} & \underline{\$~~~~~~~~~~~}\\ ~~~ \text{Credit Payments} & \$~~25.00 & \text{MONTHLY SHARE} & \\ ~~~ \text{Newspapers. Gifts, Etc.} & \$~~16.75 & \text{(Divided by 12)} & \underline{\$~~~~~~~~~~~}\\ ~~~ \text{Pocket Money} & \$~~32.00 \\[10pt] \text{Entertainment} & & \textbf{MONTHLY BALANCE SHEET}\\ ~~~ \text{Movies/Theater} & \$~~20.00 & \text{Net Income} & \\ ~~~ \text{Sporting Events} & \$~~20.00 & \text{(Total Budget)} & \$1800.00\\ ~~~ \text{Recreation} & \$~~15.00 & ~~~\text{Living Expenses} & \underline{\$~~~~~~~~~~~~~}\\ ~~~ \text{Dining Out} & \$~~32.00 & ~~~\text{Fixed Expenses} & \underline{\$~~~~~~~~~~~~~}\\ \text{TOTAL} & \underline{\$~~~~~~~~~~~} & ~~~\text{Annual Expenses} & \underline{\$~~~~~~~~~~~~~}\\ & & \text{TOTAL MONTHLY} \\ & & ~~~\text{EXPENSES} & \underline{\$~~~~~~~~~~~~~}\\ & & ~~~\text{BALANCE} & \underline{\$~~~~~~~~~~~~~}\\ \end{array}$$

What individual expenses would be difficult for the Thomases to cut back on?

Suppose that the electricity in your home has gone out and the power company will not be able to have you hooked up again for several days. The freezer in the basement contains several hundred dollars' worth of food that you cannot afford to let spoil. You have also been experiencing very hot, humid weather and would like to keep one room air-conditioned with a window air conditioner, as well as run the refrigerator in your kitchen. When the appliances are on, they draw the following currents (all values are rms):

$$\begin{aligned} \text { Air conditioner: } & 9.6 \mathrm{~A} @ 120 \mathrm{~V} \\ & \mathrm{pf}=0.90 \text { (lagging) } \\ \text { Freezer: } & 4.2 \mathrm{~A} @ 120 \mathrm{~V} \\ & \mathrm{pf}=0.87 \text { (lagging) } \\ \text { Refrigerator: } & 3.5 \mathrm{~A} @ 120 \mathrm{~V} \\ & \mathrm{pf}=0.80 \text { (lagging) }\end{aligned}$$

In the worst-case scenario, how much power must an emergency generator supply?

Tris (hydroxymethyl)aminomethane, commonly called TRIS or Trizma, is often used as a buffer in biochemical studies. Its buffering range is from pH 7 to $9 ,$ and $K _ { b }$ is $1.19 \times 10 ^ { - 6 }$ for the reaction

$$\begin{array} {l}{{\left( \mathrm { HOCH } _ { 2 } \right) _ { 3 } \mathrm { CNH } _ { 2 } ( a q ) + \mathrm { H } _ { 2 } \mathrm { O } ( l ) \rightleftharpoons \left( \mathrm { HOCH } _ { 2 } \right) _ { 3 } \mathrm { CNH } _ { 3 } ^ { + } ( a q ) + \mathrm { OH } ^ { - } ( a q )} \\\quad {\text{TRIS}\quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \text{TRISH}^+}} \end{array}$$

A buffer is prepared by diluting 50.0 g of TRIS base and 65.0 g of TRIS hydrochloride (written as TRISHCl to a total volume of 2.0 L. What is the pH of this buffer? What is the pH after 0.50 mL of 12 M HCl is added to a 200.0-mL portion of the buffer?

A South African paper company, SAPC Limited (SAPC), reports noncurrent Interest-Bearing Borrowings of $1,634 million at September 30, Year 6. SAPC applies IFRS and reports its results in millions of U.S. dollars. At September 30, Year 7, this balance had increased to$1,828 million. Assume that on March 30, Year 7, SAPC borrowed $1,200 million from a local bank. The loan bears interest at an annual rate of 7.5% and is due on March 31, Year 9. Assume also that SAPC makes its interest payments once per year on the last day of March. SAPC’s fiscal year begins October 1 and ends on September 30. The firm closes its books on September 30 of each year. b. Present the journal entries that SAPC Limited made in fiscal years ending September 30, Year 7, Year 8, and Year 9, related to the bank loan obtained on March 30, Year 7.

R.O. is a 12-year-old girl who lives with her family on a farm in a rural community. R.O. has four siblings who have recently been ill with stomach pains, vomiting, diarrhea, and fever. They were seen by their primary care provider (PCP) and diagnosed wit h viral gastroenteritis. A week later, R.O. woke up at 0200 crying and telling her mother that her stomach "hurts really bad!" She had an elevated temperature of 37.9degree C (100.2degree F). R.O. began to vomit over the next few hours, so her parents took her to the local emergency department (ED). R.O.'s vital signs, complete blood count, and complete metabolic panel were normal, so she was hydrated with IV fluids and discharged to home wit h instructions for her parents to call their PCP or to return to the ED if her condition did not improve or if it worsened. Over the next 2 days, R.O.'s abdominal pain localized to the right lower quadrant. she refused to eat, and she had slight diarrhea. On the third day, she began to have more severe abdominal pain, increased vomiting, and fever that did not respond to acetaminophen. R.O. has returned to the ED. Her VS are 128/78, 130, 28, 39.S degree C (103.1degree F). R.O. is guarding her lower abdomen, prefers to lie on her side with her legs flexed, and is crying. IV access is established, and morphine sulphate 2 mg IV is administered for pain. An abdominal CT scan confirms a diagnosis of appendicitis. R.O.'s white blood count is 12,000 mm3
Which of the following are common clinical manifestations of appendicitis? Select all that apply.
a. Diarrhea
b. Vomiting
c. Left lower quadrant abdominal pain
d. Constipation
e. Arthralgia
f. Diffuse rash
g. Fever.

Refer to the Academy of Management Journal (August 2008) investigation of the performance and timing of corporate acquisitions, Exercise $2.12$ (p. 74). Data on the number of firms sampled and the number that announced one or more acquisitions from 1980 to 2000 are saved in the accompanying file. Assume you want to determine if the proportion of firms with acquisitions differed annually from 1990 to 2000; that is, you want to examine if year and acquisition status were dependent from 1990 to 2000.

b. Set up the null and alternative hypotheses for the test.

S.B. is a $17$-year-old man who lost control of his sport utility vehicle and struck a tree. Witnesses reported he was not restrained, and his face hit the windshield on impact. When paramedics arrived, S.B. was responsive but confused, had significant facial swelling, and complained of pain in his right wrist and left forearm. The paramedics initiated cervical spine precautions, strapped him to a backboard, started oxygen at $15 \mathrm{~L} / \mathrm{min}$ via a nonrebreather mask, and started a 16 -gauge IV with $0.9 \%$ normal saline. His vital signs were $120 / 75,125,36$, and $\mathrm{SaO}_2 94 \%$. On arrival to the local emergency department (ED) 5 minutes later, his VS were $110/62$, $110$ regular, $28$ to $32$ and shallow, and $\mathrm{SaO}_2 99 \%$. An additional 16-gauge IV was inserted and the following labs were drawn: CBC, type and crossmatch, complete metabolic panel, PT/ PTT INR, and alcohol level. The trauma physician completed a head-to-toe assessment and found the following:

Physician Note

Obeys commands, responds to voice but not oriented to time or place. Generalized facial edema with full-thickness $2$-cm cheek laceration and bilateral mandibular depressed fractures. Blood behind left tympanic membrane, edema with slight discoloration over left mastoid process. Clear drainage coming from the left nare. Mid to upper chest contusions without crepitus, breath sounds clear. Abdomen slightly firm but not tender. Catheterized for $500$ mL clear yellow urine; negative for blood, glucose, ketones. Positive deformity of right wrist and diffuse tenderness of left lower forearm.

What are the symptoms of a posterior fossa fracture (fracture of temporal petrous bone), and how does it compare to a BSF?

Set up the payoff matrix. Your fast-food outlet, Burger Queen, has obtained a license to open branches in three closely situated South African cities: Brakpan, Nigel, and Springs. Your market surveys show that Brakpan and Nigel each provide a potential market of 2,000 burgers a day, while Springs provides a potential market of 1,000 burgers per day. Your company can finance an outlet in only one of those cities. Your main competitor, Burger Princess, has also obtained licenses for these cities, and is similarly planning to open only one outlet. If you both happen to locate at the same city, you will share the total business from all three cities equally, but if you locate in different cities, you will each get all the business in the cities in which you have located, plus half the business in the third city. The payoff is the number of burgers you will sell per day minus the number of burgers your competitor will sell per day.

Cyclic-AMP, first isolated in 1959, is involved in many diverse biological processes as a regulator of metabolic and physiological activity. In it, a single phosphate group is esterified with both the $3^{\prime}$ and $5^{\prime}$ hydroxyls of adenosine. Draw a structural formula of cyclic-AMP.