State the first law of thermodynamics in terms of
(a) the energy of the universe;

State the first law of thermodynamics in terms of
(c) the energy change of system and surroundings. Does the first law reveal the direction of spontaneous change? Explain.

What does the first law of thermodynamics tell us about the energy of the universe?

The first law of thermodynamics states that energy cannot be destroyed. What eventually happens to the energy from the Sun after it passes through an ecosystem?

What does the first law of thermodynamics tell us about the energy of the universe?

Calculate the quantity of work, in joules, associated with the compression of gas from $5.62 \mathrm{~L}$ to $3.37 \mathrm{~L}$ by the constant pressure of $1.23 \mathrm{~atm}$.

Calculate the quantity of work associated with a $3.5 \mathrm{~L}$ expansion of a gas $(\Delta V)$ against a pressure of $748 \mathrm{mmHg}$ in the units (a) atm L

Distinguish between the terms spontaneous and nonspontaneous. Can a nonspontaneous process occur? Explain.

If a gas absorbs $84 \text{~J}$ of heat while doing $30 \text{~J}$ of work, what is the change in the internal energy of the gas?

At 700 K, the equilibrium constant for the reaction $\mathrm { CCl } _ { 4 } ( g ) \rightleftharpoons \mathrm { C } ( s ) + 2 \mathrm { Cl } _ { 2 } ( g )$ is $K_p= 0.76.$ A flask is charged with 2.00 atm of $CCl_4,$ which then reaches equilibrium at 700 K. What fraction of the $CCl_4$ is converted into C and $Cl_2?$

At 700 K, the equilibrium constant for the reaction $\mathrm { CCl } _ { 4 } ( g ) \rightleftharpoons \mathrm { C } ( s ) + 2 \mathrm { Cl } _ { 2 } ( g )$ is $K_p= 0.76.$ A flask is charged with 2.00 atm of $CCl_4,$ which then reaches equilibrium at 700 K. What are the partial pressures of $CCl_4$ and $Cl_2$ at equilibrium?

Calculate $\Delta S _ { \text { univ } }$, and state whether the reaction is spontaneous at 298 K.

Find the pH of the equivalence point(s) and the volume (mL) of 0.0372 M NaOH needed to reach it in titrations 42.2 mL of 0.0520 M CH3COOH

Find $\Delta S _ { \mathrm { rxn } } ^ { \circ }$ for the formation of $Cu_2O(s)$ from its elements.