Study of why EMS workers leave the job. Refer to the Journal of Allied Health (Fall 2011) study of why emergency medical service (EMS) workers leave the profession, Exercise $3.45$ (p. 158). Recall that in a sample of 244 former EMS workers, 127 were fully compensated while on the job, 45 were partially compensated, and 72 had noncompensated volunteer positions. Also, the numbers of EMS workers who left because of retirement were 7 for fully compensated workers, 11 for partially compensated workers, and 10 for noncompensated volunteers. Given that the former EMS worker was fully compensated while on the job, estimate the probability that the worker left the EMS profession due to retirement.

Study of why EMS workers leave the job. Refer to the Journal of Allied Health (Fall 2011) study of why emergency medical service (EMS) workers leave the profession, Exercise $3.45$ (p. 158). Recall that in a sample of 244 former EMS workers, 127 were fully compensated while on the job, 45 were partially compensated, and 72 had noncompensated volunteer positions. Also, the numbers of EMS workers who left because of retirement were 7 for fully compensated workers, 11 for partially compensated workers, and 10 for noncompensated volunteers. Given that the former EMS worker had a noncompensated volunteer position, estimate the probability that the worker left the EMS profession due to retirement.

Study of why EMS workers leave the job. An investigation into why emergency medical service (EMS) workers leave the profession was published in the Journal of Allied Health (Fall 2011). The researchers surveyed a sample of 244 former EMS workers, of which 127 were fully compensated while on the job, 45 were partially compensated, and 72 had noncompensated volunteer positions. The numbers of EMS workers who left because of retirement were 7 for fully compensated workers, 11 for partially compensated workers, and 10 for noncompensated volunteers. One of the 244 former EMS workers is selected at random. Find the probability that the former EMS worker was either fully compensated while on the job or left due to retirement.

Study of why EMS workers leave the job. An investigation into why emergency medical service (EMS) workers leave the profession was published in the Journal of Allied Health (Fall 2011). The researchers surveyed a sample of 244 former EMS workers, of which 127 were fully compensated while on the job, 45 were partially compensated, and 72 had noncompensated volunteer positions. The numbers of EMS workers who left because of retirement were 7 for fully compensated workers, 11 for partially compensated workers, and 10 for noncompensated volunteers. One of the 244 former EMS workers is selected at random. Find the probability that the former EMS worker was fully compensated while on the job.

Study of why EMS workers leave the job. A study of fulltime emergency medical service (EMS) workers published in the Journal of Allied Health (Fall 2011) found that only about 3% leave their job in order to retire. (See Exercise $3.45$, p. 158.) Assume that the true proportion of all fulltime EMS workers who leave their job in order to retire is $p=.03$. In a random sample of 1,000 full-time EMS workers, let $\hat{p}$ represent the proportion who leave their job in order to retire. Compute $P(\hat{p}<.05)$. Interpret this result.

Study of why EMS workers leave the job. Refer to the Journal of Allied Health (Fall 2011) study of why emergency medical service (EMS) workers leave the profession, Exercise $3.45$ (p. 158). Recall that in a sample of 244 former EMS workers, 127 were fully compensated while on the job, 45 were partially compensated, and 72 had noncompensated volunteer positions. Also, the numbers of EMS workers who left because of retirement were 7 for fully compensated workers, 11 for partially compensated workers, and 10 for noncompensated volunteers. Are the events fa former EMS worker was fully compensated on the job) and (a former EMS worker left the job due to retirement] independent? Explain.

J.R. is a $28$-year-old man who was doing home repairs. He fell from the top of a $6$-foot stepladder, striking his head on a large rock. He experienced a momentary loss of consciousness. By the time his neighbor got to him, he was conscious but bleeding profusely from a laceration over the right temporal area. The neighbor drove him to the emergency department of your hospital. As the nurse, you immediately apply a cervical collar, lay him on a stretcher, and take J.R. to a treatment room.

You find that J.R. has become unresponsive to verbal stimuli and responds to painful stimuli by abnormally flexing his extremities (decorticate movement). He has no verbal response. The right pupil is larger than the left and does not respond to light.

You summon the physician. Based on the GCS score, what are the next steps you will take?

How do government statisticians determine the poverty rate? How could the poverty rate fall while the number of people in poverty rises? Which group in each of the following pairs has the higher poverty rate: African Americans or foreign-born noncitizens?

A.W., a $52$-year-old woman disabled from severe emphysema, was walking at a mall when she suddenly grabbed her right side and gasped, "Oh, something just popped." A.W. whispered to her walking companion, "I can't get any air." Her companion yelled for someone to call $911$ and helped her to the nearest bench. By the time the rescue unit arrived, A.W. was stuporous and in severe respiratory distress. She was intubated, an IV of lactated Ringer's (LR) to KVO (keep vein open) was started, and she was transported to the nearest emergency department (ED).

The clerk tells you A.W.'s husband has just arrived; A.W. will be admitted to the hospital. How would you address this issue with her husband?

Consider the hospital emergency room data below. Let A denote the event that a visit is to Hospital 4 and let B denote the event that a visit results in LWBS (at any hospital). Determine the following probabilities.

$$\begin{array}{l}{\text { (a) } P(A \cap B)} \\ {\text { (b) } P\left(A^{\prime}\right)} \\ {\text { (c) } P(A \cup B)} \\ {\text { (d) } P\left(A \cup B^{\prime}\right)} \\ {\text { (e) } P\left(A^{\prime} \cap B^{\prime}\right)}\end{array}$$

The following table summarizes visits to emergency departments at four hospitals in Arizona. People may leave without being seen by a physician, and those visits are denoted as LWBS. The remaining visits are serviced at the emergency department, and the visitor may or may not be admitted for a stay in the hospital.

$$\begin{matrix} \quad & \quad & \quad & \text{Hospital} & \quad & \quad\\ \quad & \text{1} & \text{2} & \text{3} & \text{4} & \text{Total}\\ \text{Total} & \text{5292} & \text{6991} & \text{5640} & \text{4329} & \text{22,252}\\ \text{LWBS} & \text{195} & \text{270} & \text{246} & \text{242} & \text{953}\\ \text{Admitted} & \text{1277} & \text{1558} & \text{666} & \text{984} & \text{4485}\\ \text{Not admitted} & \text{3820} & \text{5163} & \text{4728} & \text{3103} & \text{16,814}\\ \end{matrix}$$

Let A denote the event that a visit is to Hospital a and let denote the event that the result of the visit is LWBS. Calculate the number of outcomes in $A \cap B, A^{\prime}, \text { and } A \cup B.$ The event $A \cap B$ consists of the 195 visits to Hospital 1 that result in LWBS. The event A’ consists of the visits to Hospitals 2, 3 and 4 and contains 6991 + 5640 + 4329 = 16,690 visits. The event $A \cup B$ consists of the visits to Hospital 1 or the visits that result in LWBS, or both, and contains 5292+270 + 246+242=6050 visits. Notice that the last result can also be calculated as the number of visits in A plus the number of visits in B minus the number of visits $A \cap B$ (that would otherwise be counted twice) = 5292+953-195=6050 Assume that each of the 22,252 outcomes in the table are equally likely. Then the count of outcomes in these events can be used to calculate probabilities. For example, $P(A \cap B)=195 / 22,252=0.0088$ and $P\left(A^{\prime}\right)=16,690 / 22,252=0.7500 \text { and } P(A \cup B)=6050 / 22,252=0.2719$ Practical Interpretation: Hospitals track visits that result in LWBS to understand resource needs and to improve patient services.

Suppose that the electricity in your home has gone out on a hot, humid summer day and the power company will not be able to fix the problem for several days. The freezer in the basement contains $\ 300$ worth of food that you cannot afford to let spoil. You would also like to keep one window air conditioner running, as well as run the refrigerator in your kitchen. When these appliances are on, they draw the following currents (all values are rms): Air conditioner: $\quad 9.6 \mathrm{~A}$ rms @ $120 \mathrm{~V} \mathrm{rms}$ $\mathrm{pf}=0.90$ lagging Freezer: $\quad 4.2 \mathrm{~A}$ rms @$120 \mathrm{~V} \mathrm{~rms}$ $\mathrm{pf}=0.87$ lagging Refrigerator: $\quad 3.5 \mathrm{~A}$ rms @ $120 \mathrm{~V}$ rms $\mathrm{pf}=0.80$ lagging In the worst-case scenario, how much power must an emergency generator supply?

A random sample of 25 waiting times (in minutes) before patients saw a medical professional in a hospital's minor emergency department had a standard deviation of 0.7 minute. After a new admissions procedure was implemented, a random sample of 21 waiting times had a standard deviation of 0.5 minute. At $\alpha=0.10$, can you support the hospital's claim that the standard deviation of the waiting times has decreased?

a) identify the claim and state $H_0$ and $H_a$,

b) determine the critical value and the rejection region,

c) calculate the test statistic,

d) decide whether to reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis,

e) interpret the decision in the context of the original claim. If convenient, use technology to solve the problem. In each exercise, assume the samples are independent and each population has a normal distribution.

Rewrite the sentence below, correcting any errors in parallelism. If a sentence contains no error, write Correct. New York in the 1920s had many faces for African Americans: to some it held opportunities, to others it was a place of freedom, and to still more it was a place of self-fulfillment.

A blood transfusion is being set up in an emergency room for an accident victim. Blood has a density of

$$1060 \mathrm { kg } / \mathrm { m } ^ { 3 }$$

and a viscosity of

$$4.0 \times 10 ^ { - 3 } \mathrm { Pa } \cdot \mathrm { s }$$

The needle being used has a length of 3.0 cm and an inner radius of 0.25 mm. The doctor wishes to use a volume flow rate through the needle of

$$4.5 \times 10 ^ { - 8 } \mathrm { m } ^ { 3 } / \mathrm { s }$$

What is the distance h above the victim's arm where the level of the blood in the transfusion bottle should be located? As an approximation, assume that the level of the blood in the transfusion bottle and the point where the needle enters the vein in the arm have the same pressure of one atmosphere. (In reality, the pressure in the vein is slightly above atmospheric pressure.)