Test the given claim. Identify the null hypothesis, alternative hypothesis, test statistic, P-value or critical value(s), conclusion about the null hypothesis, and final conclusion that addresses the original claim. Use the P-value method unless your instructor specifies otherwise.

A simple random sample of 50 adults is obtained, and each person's red blood cell count (in cells per microliter) is measured. The sample mean is $5.23$. The population standard deviation for red blood cell counts is $0.54$. Use a $0.01$ significance level to test the claim that the sample is from a population with a mean less than $5.4$, which is a value often used for the upper limit of the range of normal values. What do the results suggest about the sample group?

Identify the null hypothesis, alternative hypothesis, test statistic, P-value or critical value(s), then state the conclusion about the null hypothesis, as well as the final conclusion that addresses the original claim. A study investigated survival rates for in-hospital patients who suffered cardiac arrest. Among 58,593 patients who had cardiac arrest during the day, 11,604 survived and were discharged. Among 28,155 patients who suffered cardiac arrest at night, 4139 survived and were discharged (based on data from "Survival from In-Hospital Cardiac Arrest During Nights and Weekends," by Peberdy et al., Journal of the American Medical Association, Vol. 299, No. 7). We want to use a 0.0 l significance level to test the claim that the survival rates are the same for day and night. Test the claim using a hypothesis test.

Assume that a simple random sample has been selected and test the given claim. Unless specified by your instructor, use either the P-value method or the critical value method for testing hypotheses. Identify the null and alternative hypotheses, test statistic, P-value (or range of P-values), or critical value(s), and state the final conclusion that addresses the original claim. A simple random sample of 10 pages from Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary is obtained. The numbers of words defined on those pages are found, with these re ults: n = 10, $\overline x$ = 53 .3 words, s = 15.7 words. Given that this dictionary has 1459 pages with defined words, the claim that there are more than 70,000 defined words is equivalent to the claim that the mean number of words per page is greater than 48.0 words. Assume a normally distributed population. Use a 0.01 significance level to test the claim that the mean number of words per page is greater than 48.0 words. What does the result suggest about the claim that there are more than 70,000 defined words?

A manufacturer considers his production process to be out of control when defects exceed 3%. In a random sample of 85 items, the defect rate is 5.9% but the manager claims that this is only a sample fluctuation and production is not really out of control. At the 0.01 level of significance, test the manager's claim.

Identify the null hypothesis, alternative hypothesis, test statistic, P-value or critical value(s), then state the conclusion about the null hypothesis, as well as the final conclusion that addresses the original claim. Among 198 smokers who underwent a "sustained care" program, 51 were no longer smoking after six months. Among 199 smokers who underwent a "standard care" program, 30 were no longer smoking after six months (based on data from "Sustained Care Intervention and Postdischarge Smoking Cessation Among Hospitalized Adults," by Rigotti et al. , Journal of the American Medical Association, Vol. 312, No. 7). We want to use a 0.01 significance level to test the claim that the rate of success for smoking cessation is greater with the sustained care program. Test the claim using a hypothesis test.

Identify the null hypothesis, alternative hypothesis, test statistic, P-value or critical value(s), then state the conclusion about the null hypothesis, as well as the final conclusion that addresses the original claim. Among 198 smokers who underwent a "sustained care" program, 51 were no longer smoking after six months. Among 199 smokers who underwent a "standard care" program, 30 were no longer smoking after six months (based on data from "Sustained Care Intervention and Postdischarge Smoking Cessation Among Hospitalized Adults," by Rigotti et al. , Journal of the American Medical Association, Vol. 312, No. 7). We want to use a 0.01 significance level to test the claim that the rate of success for smoking cessation is greater with the sustained care program. Test the claim by constructing an appropriate confidence interval.

In a test of the effectiveness of garlic for lowering cholesterol, 47 subjects were treated with Garlicin, which is garlic in a processed tablet form. Cholesterol levels were measured before and after the treatment. The changes in their levels of LDL cholesterol (in mg/ dL ) have a mean of 3.2 and a standard deviation of 18.6.

a. What is the best point estimate of the population mean net change in L.DL cholesterol after the Garlicin treatment?

Find the $P$-value obtained when testing the claim that $p=0.75$ when given sample data resulting in a test statistic of $z=1.20$.

How does a corporation differ from a sole proprietorship or partnership?

How does the taxation of a corporation differ from that of a sole proprietorship and partnership?

Find the test statistic and critical value(s). Also, use the mentioned table to find limits containing the P-value, then determine whether there is sufficient evidence to support the given alternative hypothesis.

Precipitation Amounts $H_1: \sigma \neq 0.25, \alpha=0.01, n=26, s=0.18$.

Find the test statistic and critical value(s). Also, use the mentioned table to find limits containing the P-value, then determine whether there is sufficient evidence to support the given alternative hypothesis.

Customer Waiting Times $H_1: \sigma>3.5$ minutes, $\alpha=0.01, n=15, s=4.8$ minutes.

Find the critical value(s) obtained when using a $0.05$ significance level for testing the claim that $\mu=100$ when given sample data consisting of $\bar{x}=90$, $s=10$, and $n=20$.

Make a decision about the given claim. Use only the rare event rule stated in the mentioned section, and make subjective estimates to determine whether events are likely. For example, if the claim is that a coin favors heads and sample results consist of 11 beads in 20 flips, conclude that there is not sufficient evidence to support the claim that the coin favors beads.

Claim: The mean pulse rate (in beats per minute) of students of the author is less than 75. A simple random sample of students has a mean pulse rate of 74.4.