Test your vocabulary by matching each term to its definition, as identified by its preceding letter code. adaptation; cladogram; dichotomous key; Eykaryotes; fossil record; genus; homologous structure; kingdom; natural selection; order; phylogeny; shared derived characteristic. A Key that gives two options at each step of the identification process. B A phylogenetic tree based on shared derived characters. C Historically, the highest rank in biological taxonomy. D Unit of classification used to group together related families. E A unit of classification. A group of related species. F Group of organisms with cells containing organelles. DNA is present as chromosomes. G Any heritable trait that equips an organism to its functional position in the environment. H A specialized character, shared by two or more modern groups, which originated in their last common ancestor. The modern groups are not necessarily closely related. I The sum total of current paleontological knowledge. It is all the fossils that have existed throughout life's history, whether they have been found or not. J Structures of organisms that are the result of common ancestry are this. K The term for the mechanism by which better adapted organisms survive to produce a greater number of viable offspring. L The evolutionary history of genealogy of a group of organisms. Often represented as a 'tree' showing descent of new species from the ancestral one.

Test your vocabulary by matching each term to its definition, as identified by its preceding letter code. amino acid; ATP; catabolism; catalyst; condensation; denaturation; disaccharide; DNA; enzyme; fermentation; hydrolysis; lipid; monosaccharide; nucleic acid; polypeptides; polysaccharide; semi-conservative; translation. A Chemical reaction that combines two molecules. Water is produced as a by-product. B Chemical reaction in which a molecule is split by water (as H+ and OH-). C A double sugar molecule used as an energy source and a building block of larger molecules. Examples are sucrose and lactose. D The process by which mRNA is decoded to produce a specific polypeptide. E A nucleotide comprising a purine base, a pentose sugar, and three phosphate groups, which acts as the cell's energy carrier. F A model for DNA replication which proposes each DNA strand serves as a template, forming a new DNA molecule with half old and half new DNA. G A globular protein which acts as a catalyst to speed up a specific biological reaction. H A complex carbohydrate with a structural and energy storage role in cells. Examples include cellulose, starch, and glycogen. I A substance or molecule that lowers the activation energy of a reaction but is itself not used up during the reaction. In biological systems, this function is carried out by enzymes. J Also called fat or oil. A biological compound made up of glycerol and fatty acid components. K The loss of a protein's three-dimensional functional structure. L Macromolecules that form from the joining of multiple amino acids together. M A building block of proteins. N A carbohydrate monomer. Examples include fructose and glucose. O A polynucleotide molecule that occurs in two forms, DNA and RNA. P Metabolic process in which complex molecules are broken down into simpler ones. Q Process which provides an alternative way to produce energy if oxygen is temporarily unavailable. Does not involve a terminal electron acceptor. R Universally found macromolecules composed of chains of nucleotides. These molecules carry genetic information within cells.

It is a hot summer day, and you are a registered nurse in the emergency department (ED). S.R., an $18$-year-old woman, comes to the ED with severe left flank and abdominal pain and nausea and vomiting. S.R. looks very tired, her skin is warm to the touch, and she is perspiring. She paces about the room doubled-over and is clutching her abdomen. S.R. tells you that the pain started early this morning and has been pretty steady for the past $6$ hours. She gives a history of working outside as a landscaper and takes little time for water breaks. Her past medical history includes three kidney stone attacks, all during late summer. Exam findings are that her abdomen is soft and without tenderness, but her left flank is extremely tender to the touch, palpation, and percussion. You place S.R. in one of the examination rooms and take the following vital signs (VS): $188/98, 90, 20$, $99^{\circ} \mathrm{F}\left(37.2^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\right)$. A voided urinalysis (UA) shows $\mathrm{RBC}$ of $50$ to $100$ on voided specimen and WBC of zero.

S.R. states she had an allergic reaction during her last IVP and was instructed, “Don't let anyone give you dye for any testing.” The physician cancels the IVP; what alternative test will be conducted?

S.P. is admitted to the orthopedic ward. She has fallen at home and has sustained an intracapsular fracture of the hip at the femoral neck. The following history is obtained from her: She is a $75$-year-old widow with three children living nearby. Her father died of cancer at age $62$ ; mother died of heart failure at age $79$. Her height is $5$ feet $3$ inches; weight is $118$ pounds. She has a $50$ -pack-year smoking history and denies alcohol use. She has severe rheumatoid arthritis (RA), had an upper gastrointestinal bleed in $1993$ , and had coronary artery disease with a coronary artery bypass graft $9$ months ago. Since that time she has engaged in "very mild exercises at home." Vital signs (VS) are $128 / 60,98,14,99^{\circ} \mathrm{F}\left(37.2^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\right)$, $\mathrm{SaO}_2 94 \%$ on $2 \mathrm{~L}$ oxygen by nasal cannula. Her oral medications are rabeprazole (Aciphex) $20 \mathrm{mg} /$ day, prednisone (Deltasone) $5 \mathrm{mg} /$ day, and methotrexate (Amethopterin) $2.5 \mathrm{mg} / \mathrm{wk}$.

Explain four techniques you can teach S.P. to help her protect herself from infection related to medication-induced immunosuppression.

It is a hot summer day, and you are a registered nurse in the emergency department (ED). S.R., an $18$-year-old woman, comes to the ED with severe left flank and abdominal pain and nausea and vomiting. S.R. looks very tired, her skin is warm to the touch, and she is perspiring. She paces about the room doubled-over and is clutching her abdomen. S.R. tells you that the pain started early this morning and has been pretty steady for the past $6$ hours. She gives a history of working outside as a landscaper and takes little time for water breaks. Her past medical history includes three kidney stone attacks, all during late summer. Exam findings are that her abdomen is soft and without tenderness, but her left flank is extremely tender to the touch, palpation, and percussion. You place S.R. in one of the examination rooms and take the following vital signs (VS): $188/98, 90, 20$, $99^{\circ} \mathrm{F}\left(37.2^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\right)$. A voided urinalysis (UA) shows $\mathrm{RBC}$ of $50$ to $100$ on voided specimen and WBC of zero.

The physician orders an intravenous pyelogram (IVP). What questions do you need to ask S.R. before the test is conducted? What blood tests do you need to check before her having an IVP?

Solve each equation or inequality. Use interval notation to express solution sets of inequalities and graph these solution sets on a number line.

$$7 ( x - 2 ) = 4 ( x + 1 ) - 21$$

Compare the differences in the hemoglobin sequence of humans, rhesus monkeys, and horses. What do tell you about the relative relatedness of these organisms?

The concentration of a certain drug in an organ t minutes after an injection is given by $C(t)=0.065\left(1+e^{-0.025 t}\right)$ grams per cubic centimeter $\left(\mathrm{g} / \mathrm{cm}^{3}\right).$ a. What is the initial concentration of the drug (when t = 0)? b. What is the concentration 20 minutes after an injection? After 1 hour? c. What is the average rate of concentration during the first minute? d. What happens to the concentration of the drug in the long run (as $t \rightarrow \infty )?$ e. Sketch the graph of C(t).

Compute the following integrals using the guidelines for integrating powers of trigonometric functions. Use a CAS to check the solutions. $\int \sin ^ { 5 } x \cos ^ { 2 } x d x$

(a) What is a highly conserved protein? _____ (b) Why are highly conserved proteins good for constructing phylogenies? _____

Sketch the graphs of (a)$y=\cosh^{-1}x,$(b)$y=\tanh^{-1}x$

Solve the equation.

$$\sqrt { x + 6 } - x = 4$$

Suppose A has position vector 3i + 2j - k, B has position vector 2i - j - 8k, and C has position vector i + j + ak. Find a given that $\overrightarrow{O C}$ is perpendicular to ai - j + 4k.

Establish each identity. $\frac{\cos (\alpha-\beta)}{\sin \alpha \cos \beta}=\cot \alpha+\tan \beta$