The eyes of amphibians such as frogs have a much flatter cornea but a more strongly curved (almost spherical) lens than do the eyes of air-dwelling mammals. In mammalian eyes, the shape (and therefore the focal length) of the lens changes to enable the eye to focus at different distances. In amphibian eyes, the shape of the lens doesn’t change. Amphibians focus on objects at different distances by using specialized muscles to move the lens closer to or farther from the retina, like the focusing mechanism of a camera. In air, most frogs are nearsighted; correcting the distance vision of a typical frog in air would require contact lenses with a power of about –6.0 D. What is the farthest distance at which a typical “nearsighted” frog can see clearly in air? (a) 12 m; (b) 6.0 m; (c) 80 cm; (d) 17 cm.

You are:

a physical therapy assistant employed by the Rehabilitation Unit in Fulwood Medical Center.

Your patient is:

Richard Josen, a 22-year-old man who injured tissues in his left knee playing football. Using arthroscopy, the orthopedic surgeon removed his torn anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and replaced it with a graft from his patellar ligament. The torn medial collateral ligament was sutured together. The tear in his medial meniscus was repaired. Rehabilitation focused on strengthening the muscles around his knee joint and regaining joint mobility.

What type of specialist will use an $arthroscope$? $\quad\rule{10cm}{0.15mm}$

Joe accidentally touched a hot pan. His arm jerked back, and an instant later, he felt a burning pain. How would you explain the fact that his arm moved before he felt the pain?

a. His limbic system blocked the pain momentarily, but the important pain signals eventually got through.

b. His response was a spinal cord reflex that occurred before the pain signals reached the brain.

c. Motor neurons are myelinated; sensory neurons are not. The signals traveled faster to his muscles.

d. This scenario is not actually possible. The brain must register pain before a person can react.

If you stand on one foot while holding your other leg up behind you, your muscles apply a force to hold your leg in this raised position. The leg pivots at the knee joint, and the force that holds the leg up is provided by a tendon attached to the lower leg as shown. Assume that the lower leg and the foot have a combined mass of $4.0 \mathrm{~kg}$ and that their combined center of gravity is at the center of the lower leg.
a. How much force must the tendon exert to keep the leg in this position?
b. As you hold your leg in this position, the upper leg exerts a force on the lower leg at the knee joint. What are the magnitude and direction of this force?

The eyes of amphibians such as frogs have a much flatter cornea but a more strongly curved (almost spherical) lens than do the eyes of air-dwelling mammals. In mammalian eyes, the shape (and therefore the focal length) of the lens changes to enable the eye to focus at different distances. In amphibian eyes, the shape of the lens doesn’t change. Amphibians focus on objects at different distances by using specialized muscles to move the lens closer to or farther from the retina, like the focusing mechanism of a camera. In air, most frogs are nearsighted; correcting the distance vision of a typical frog in air would require contact lenses with a power of about –6.0 D. Given that frogs are nearsighted in air, which statement is most likely to be true about their vision in water? (a) They are even more nearsighted; because water has a higher index of refraction than air, a frog’s ability to focus light increases in water. (b) They are less nearsighted, because the cornea is less effective at refracting light in water than in air. (c) Their vision is no different, because only structures that are internal to the eye can affect the eye’s ability to focus. (d) The images projected on the retina are no longer inverted, because the eye in water functions as a diverging lens rather than a converging lens.

B.T., a $22$-year-old man who lives in a small mountain town in Colorado, is highly allergic to dust and pollen. B.T's wife drove him to the clinic when his wheezing was unresponsive to fluticasone/salmeterol (Advair) and ipratropium bromide (Atrovent) inhalers, he was unable to lie down, and he began to use accessory muscles to breathe. B.T. is started on $4 \mathrm{~L}$ oxygen by nasal cannula and an IV of D5W at $15 \mathrm{~mL} / \mathrm{hr}$. He appears anxious and says that he is short of breath.

$$\begin{aligned} &\text { Arterial Blood Gases }\\ &\begin{array}{ll} \mathrm{pH} & 7.31 \\ \mathrm{Paco}_2 & 48 \mathrm{~mm} \mathrm{Hg} \\ \mathrm{HCO}_3 & 26 \mathrm{mmol} / \mathrm{I} \\ \mathrm{PaO}_2 & 55 \mathrm{~mm} \mathrm{Hg} \\ \mathrm{SaO}_2 & 88 \% \end{array} \end{aligned}$$

What is the rationale for immediately starting B.T. on $\mathrm{O}_2$

Auscultating Respiratory Sounds

1. Obtain a stethoscope, and clean the earpieces with an alcohol swab. Allow the alcohol to dry before donning the stethoscope.

2. Place the diaphragm of the stethoscope on the throat of the test subject just below the larynx. Listen for bronchial sounds on inspiration and expiration. Move the stethoscope down toward the bronchi until you can no longer hear sounds.

3. Place the stethoscope over the following chest areas and listen for vesicular sounds during respiration (heard primarily during inspiration).
   At various intercostal spaces
   At the triangle of auscultation (a small depressed area of the back where the muscles fail to cover the rib cage; located just medial to the inferior part of the scapula)
   Inferior to the clavicle

Match the structure of the eye in Column A with its corresponding function or description in Column B.

$$\begin{aligned} \text{Column A}\qquad \qquad \qquad &\text{Column B}\\ \text{ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ aqueous humor}\qquad \qquad \qquad\quad & \text{a. gland in which tears are formed}\\ &\text{b. hole in the eye that lets light in}\\ &\text{c. receptors for night vision or dim light}\\ &\text{d. thick jellylike fluid of the eye}\\ &\text{e. tough, white outer layer of the eye}\\ &\text{f. receptors for red, blue, and green color vision}\\ &\text{g. structure on which ciliary muscles pull to help the eye focus}\\ &\text{h. dark pigmented middle layer of the eye that prevents the scattering of incoming light}\\ &\text{i. transparent part of the sclera, the window of the eye}\\ &\text{j. colored part of the anterior of the eye}\\ &\text{k. thin, watery fluid of the eye}\\ \end{aligned}$$

The Achilles tendon connects the muscles in your calf to the back of your foot. When you are sprinting, your Achilles tendon alternately stretches, as you bring your weight down onto your forward foot, and contracts to push you off the ground. A 70 kg runner has an Achilles tendon that is 15 cm long and has a cross-section area of $110 \mathrm { mm } ^ { 2 }$, typical values for a person of this size. a. By how much will the runner's Achilles tendon stretch of the maximum force on it is 8.0 times his weight, a typical value while running? b. What fraction of the tendon's length does this correspond to?

You are:

a physical therapy assistant employed by the Rehabilitation Unit in Fulwood Medical Center.

Your patient is:

Richard Josen, a 22-year-old man who injured tissues in his left knee playing football. Using arthroscopy, the orthopedic surgeon removed his torn anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and replaced it with a graft from his patellar ligament. The torn medial collateral ligament was sutured together. The tear in his medial meniscus was repaired. Rehabilitation focused on strengthening the muscles around his knee joint and regaining joint mobility.

What is the opposite of $medial$? $\quad\rule{7cm}{0.15mm}$

Discuss the following problem. Acetylcholine-gated cation channels at the neuromuscular junction open in response to acetylcholine released by the nerve terminal and allow Na$^+$ ions to enter the muscle cell, which causes membrane depolarization and ultimately leads to muscle contraction. A. Patch-clamp measurements show that young rat muscles have cation channels that respond to acetylcholine. How many kinds of channel are there? How can you tell? B. For each kind of channel, calculate the number of ions that enter in one millisecond. (One ampere is a current of one coulomb per second; one pA equals 10$^{-12}$ ampere. An ion with a single charge such as Na+ carries a charge of 1.6 × 10$^{-19}$ coulomb.)

Match the structure of the eye in Column A with its corresponding function or description in Column B.

$$\begin{aligned} \text{Column A}\qquad \qquad \qquad &\text{Column B}\\ \text{ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ rods}\qquad \qquad \qquad\quad & \text{a. gland in which tears are formed}\\ &\text{b. hole in the eye that lets light in}\\ &\text{c. receptors for night vision or dim light}\\ &\text{d. thick jellylike fluid of the eye}\\ &\text{e. tough, white outer layer of the eye}\\ &\text{f. receptors for red, blue, and green color vision}\\ &\text{g. structure on which ciliary muscles pull to help the eye focus}\\ &\text{h. dark pigmented middle layer of the eye that prevents the scattering of incoming light}\\ &\text{i. transparent part of the sclera, the window of the eye}\\ &\text{j. colored part of the anterior of the eye}\\ &\text{k. thin, watery fluid of the eye}\\ \end{aligned}$$

B.T., a $22$-year-old man who lives in a small mountain town in Colorado, is highly allergic to dust and pollen. B.T's wife drove him to the clinic when his wheezing was unresponsive to fluticasone/salmeterol (Advair) and ipratropium bromide (Atrovent) inhalers, he was unable to lie down, and he began to use accessory muscles to breathe. B.T. is started on $4 \mathrm{~L}$ oxygen by nasal cannula and an IV of D5W at $15 \mathrm{~mL} / \mathrm{hr}$. He appears anxious and says that he is short of breath.

Medication Orders

Albuterol $2.5$ mg plus ipratropium $250$ mcg nebulizer treatment STAT

Albuterol (Ventolin) inhaler $2$ puffs q$4$h

Metaproterenol sulfate (Alupent) $0.4\%$ nebulizer treatment q$3$h

Fluticasone (Flovent) $250$ mcg by MDI twice daily

Identify the drug classification and expected outcomes B.T. should experience through using metaproterenol sulfate (Alupent) and Fluticasone (Flovent).

Match the structure of the eye in Column A with its corresponding function or description in Column B.

$$\begin{aligned} \text{Column A}\qquad \qquad \qquad &\text{Column B}\\ \text{ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ pupil}\qquad \qquad \qquad\quad & \text{a. gland in which tears are formed}\\ &\text{b. hole in the eye that lets light in}\\ &\text{c. receptors for night vision or dim light}\\ &\text{d. thick jellylike fluid of the eye}\\ &\text{e. tough, white outer layer of the eye}\\ &\text{f. receptors for red, blue, and green color vision}\\ &\text{g. structure on which ciliary muscles pull to help the eye focus}\\ &\text{h. dark pigmented middle layer of the eye that prevents the scattering of incoming light}\\ &\text{i. transparent part of the sclera, the window of the eye}\\ &\text{j. colored part of the anterior of the eye}\\ &\text{k. thin, watery fluid of the eye}\\ \end{aligned}$$