The immediate administration of nitrite is a highly effective treatment for cyanide poisoning. What is the basis for the action of this antidote?

A client with idiopathic seizure disorder is being discharged with a prescription for phenytoin (Dilantin). Client teaching about this drug should include which instruction?

What are the clinical features of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis?

This type of seizure starts in both lobes at the same time and there is a loss of consciousness:

a. generalized seizure

b. partial focal seizure

c. tonic-clonic seizure

d. absence seizure

Which type of seizure originates on one side of the brain?

What would a stroke to the right cerebral hemisphere MOST likely cause?

What is the main presentation of an aspirated foreign body?

Recall that the number of c subunits in the $\mathrm{c}$ ring appears to range between 10 and 14 . This number is significant because it determines the number of protons that must be transported to generate a molecule of ATP. Each 360-degree rotation of the $\gamma$ subunit leads to the synthesis and release of three molecules of ATP. Thus, if there are 10 c subunits in the ring (as was observed in a crystal structure of yeast mitochondrial ATP synthase), each ATP generated requires the transport of 10 / 3=3.33 protons. How many protons are required to form ATP if the ring has 12 c subunits? 14 ?

Mice that are completely lacking ATPADP translocase ($ANT^−/ANT^−$) can be made by the knockout technique. Remarkably, these mice are viable but have the following pathological conditions: (1) high serum levels of lactate, alanine, and succinate; (2) little electron transport; and (3) a 6- to 8-fold increase in the level of mitochondrial $H_2O_2$ compared with that in normal mice. Provide a possible biochemical explanation for each of these conditions.

What is the mechanistic basis for the observation that the inhibitors of ATP synthase also lead to an inhibition of the electron-transport chain?

The P:O ratio can be used to monitor oxidative phosphorylation . (a) What is the relation of the P:O ratio to the ratio of the number of protons translocated per electron pair ($H^+/2e^−$) and the ratio of the number of protons needed to synthesize ATP and transport it to the cytoplasm ($P/H^+$)? (b) What are the P:O ratios for electrons donated by matrix NADH and by succinate?

What does that mean? What does the fact that rotenone increases the susceptibility to Parkinson disease indicate about the etiology of this disease?

Some cytoplasmic kinases, enzymes that phosphorylate substrates at the expense of ATP, bind to voltage-dependent anion channels (VDACs,). What might the advantage of this binding be?

Oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria is often monitored by measuring oxygen consumption. When oxidative phosphorylation is proceeding rapidly, the mitochondria will rapidly consume oxygen. If there is little oxidative phosphorylation, only small amounts of oxygen will be used. You are given a suspension of isolated mitochondria and directed to add the following compounds in the order from a to h. With the addition of each compound, all of the previously added compounds remain present. Predict the effect of each addition on oxygen consumption by the isolated mitochondria.

(a) Glucose

(e) Succinate

(b) ADP+P$_{\mathrm{i}}$

(f) Dinitrophenol

(c) Citrate

(g) Rotenone

(d) Olioomycin

(h) Cyanide