The Sun radiates energy at a rate of about $4 \times 10^{26} \mathrm{~W}$. How long does it take for the Sun to lose a mass equal to that of Earth?

Using the information in the previous example and the previous problem, find the absolute bolometric magnitude of Sirius and compare it with that of the Sun. Find the ratio of Sirius's luminosity to that of the Sun.

Explain Earth's orbit around the Sun .

Determine the mass of the sun, knowing that the distance from the earth to the sun is $149.6\left(10^6\right) \mathrm{km}$.

Estimate the number of protons in the Sun.

A $7.55 \times 10^{13}$ kg comet orbits the sun with a speed of 0.173 km/s. If the centripetal force on the comet is 505 N, how far is it from the sun?

If a contracting protostar is five times the radius of the Sun and has a temperature of only $2000 \mathrm{~K}$, how luminous will it be relative to the Sun?

If a star has a surface temperature four times higher than that of the Sun, but the same surface area, by what factor is the star more luminous than the Sun?

Earth is about $92 \frac{9}{10}$ million miles from the Sun. Use the table shown.

a. How far is Venus from the Sun?

b. How far is Mars from the Sun?

c. How far is Jupiter from the Sun?

d. How far is Saturn from the Sun?

The planet Jupiter is more than five times as far from the Sun as planet Earth. How does the brightness of the Sun appear at this greater distance?

From Earth, it is about 22$^4$ miles to the moon and about $9.3 \times 10^7$ to the sun. About how much farther is it to the sun than to the moon?

The Sun will eventually become a(n) _______ .

It takes the Sun about

$$2.3 \times 10 ^ { 8 }$$

years to orbit the center of the Milky Way. It takes Pluto about

$$2.5 \times 10 ^ { 2 }$$

years to orbit the Sun. How many times does Pluto orbit the Sun while the Sun completes one orbit around the Milky Way? Write your answer in standard form.

Use the speed of light and the distance between the Earth and the Sun to verify that it takes neutrinos 8.3 minutes to reach us from the Sun.