The world's largest scale model of the Solar System is the Sweden Solar System. It is modelled on a scale of 1:20 000 000. It uses the Ericsson Globe to represent the Sun. Research the Sweden Solar System to find out how the planets and other celestial bodies are represented in the city of Stockholm, Sweden.

In each of the statements provided, fill in the blanks with one of the following: hypothesis, dependent variable, independent variable, internal validity, external validity, or confound. A researcher's guess about what a study might find is labeled the ____________ .

Above the underlined noun in each sentence, write its plural form.

Example 1. My mom and aunt are $\overset{\textit{\color{#c34632}{alumnae}}}{{\underline{\text{alumna}}}}$ of the same college.

Your research paper should prove one thesis, not two $\underline{\text{thesis}}$.

To minimize potential risks of harm, a researcher conducting an online survey can:

Research a specific example of literature from the Golden Age of Literature in England and Spain. Then, write an argument in which you argue whether the example remains relevant to today's society. Remember to consider what universal themes are presented in your example and whether it holds meaning across time and cultures.

Redeeming coupons from text messages. Many companies now use text messaging on cell phones as a means of marketing their products. One way to do this is to send a redeemable discount coupon (called an m-coupon) via a text. The redemption rate of m-coupons-the proportion of coupons redeemed-was the subject of an article in the Journal of Marketing Research (October 2015). In a two-year study, over 8,000 mall shoppers participated by signing up to receive $\mathrm{m}-$ coupons. The researchers were interested in comparing the redemption rates of $\mathrm{m}$-coupons for different products. In a sample of 2,447 m-coupons for products sold at a milkshake store, 79 were redeemed; in a sample of $6,619 \mathrm{~m}$-coupons for products sold at a donut store, 72 were redeemed. Assume the true difference between redemption rates must exceed $.01$ (i.e., $1 \%$ ) for the researchers to consider the difference to be "practically" significant. Based on the interval, part c, is there a "practically" significant difference between the redemption rates?

Amyloid Fibers in Disease Several small aromatic molecules, such as phenol red (used as a nontoxic drug model), have been shown to inhibit the formation of amyloid in laboratory model systems. A goal of the research on these small aromatic compounds is to find a drug that would efficiently inhibit the formation of amyloid in the brain in people with incipient Alzheimer's disease.
(a) Suggest why molecules with aromatic substituents would disrupt the formation of amyloid.
(b) Some researchers have suggested that a drug used to treat Alzheimer's disease may also be effective in treating type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. Why might a single drug be effective in treating these two different conditions?

A research scientist for the Telektronics company obtains paired data consisting of the cost of manufacturing memory chips of different sizes and the amount of memory that can be stored on those chips. After finding that $r=0$, she concludes that there is no relationship between those two variables. Is that conclusion correct? Why or why not?

Can we use probability models based on Bernoulli trials to study the given situation? Explain.

b) A medical research lab has samples of blood collected from 120 different individuals. How possible is it that the majority of them are Type A blood, given that Type $\mathrm{A}$ is found in $43 \%$ of the population?

The Employment and Training Administration reported that the U.S. mean unemployment insurance benefit was $\$238$ per week (The World Almanac, 2003). A researcher in the state of Virginia anticipated that sample data would show evidence that the mean weekly unemployment insurance benefit in Virginia was below the national average.

a. Develop appropriate hypotheses such that rejection of $\ H_0$ will support the researcher’s contention.

b. For a sample of 100 individuals, the sample mean weekly unemployment insurance benefit was $\$231$ with a sample standard deviation of $80. What is the p-value?

c. At$\alpha$ =.05, what is your conclusion?

d. Repeat the preceding hypothesis test using the critical value approach.

In a library or on the Internet, research a fuel cell that uses methanol for fuel. What is the reaction at the anode? What is the reaction at the cathode? What is the overall reaction? What is the standard cell potential? How many $\mathrm{kWh}$ can be generated from $1 \mathrm{~L}(0.792 \mathrm{~kg})$ of methanol?

Does alcohol consumption cause increased cravings for cigarettes? Research at Purdue University suggests this is so (see CNN.com web site article "Researchers Find Link Between Cigarette Cravings and Alcohol;' dated June 13, 1997). In an experiment, 60 heavy smokers and moderate drinkers were divided into two groups. One group drank vodka tonics and the other group drank virgin tonics (tonic water alone), but all subjects were told they were drinking vodka tonics. The researchers then measured the level of nicotine cravings (by monitoring heart rate, skin conductance, etc.). Those who had consumed the vodka tonics had $35 \%$ more cravings than those who did not. Assuming that the assignment of subjects to the treatment (vodka) and control groups was made at random, do you think there are any confounding factors that would make conclusions based on this experiment questionable?

Suppose you want to move to a European city with a warm, moist climate. (a) Use maps and the information to identify a suitable city. (b) Explain why you think the climate of that city or town is warm and moist (c) Use the Internet to research the climate of that city or town. Was your prediction correct? Explain.

Many people think that living in an unfriendly atmosphere is bad for them. Researchers conducted a series of tests to see if experiencing rudeness and disrespect had an impact on task performance. 11 In one study, 34 participants met in small groups and saw the group leader treating a "participant" impolitely when the "participant" arrived late for the group meeting. Following the discussion, each participant completed a 5-minute solo brainstorming assignment in which they had to come up with as many uses for a brick as they could. The average cost per use was 7.88, with a 2.35 standard deviation. (a) Suppose that prior research has shown that the average number of uses a person can produce in 5 minutes under normal conditions is 10 . Given that the researchers hypothesize that witnessing this rudeness will decrease performance, state the appropriate null and alternative hypotheses. (b) Carry out the significance test using a significance level of $0.05$. Give the $P$-value and state your conclusion.