To our surprise, the orange juice we bought had been adulterated with sugar. In addition to tasting bad, the juice lacked vitamins and other nutrients.

(A) improved substantially by combining with other substances/ (B) spoiled through lack of refrigeration/ (C) mislabeled or confused/ (D) made impure by low-quality ingredients

Find the (a) mean, (b) median, (c) mode, and (d) midrange for the given sample data. Also, answer the given questions. A dietician obtains the amounts of sugar (in centigrams) from 100 centigrams (or 1 gram) in each of 10 different cereals, including Cheerios, Corn Flakes, Fruit Loops, and 7 others. Those values are listed below. Is the mean of those values likely to be a good estimate of the mean amount of sugar in each gram of cereal consumed by the population of all Americans who eat cereal? Why or why not?

$$\begin{matrix} \text{3} & \text{24} & \text{30} & \text{47} & \text{43} & \text{7} & \text{47} & \text{13} & \text{44} & \text{39}\\ \end{matrix}$$

Both glucose (corn sugar ) and fructos e (fruit sugar ) taste sweet, but fructose tastes sweeter. Each year in the United States, tons of corn syrup dest ined to sweeten food are trea ted to convert glucose as fully as possible to the sweeter fructose. The reaction is an eq uilibrium:

$$glucose↔fructose$$

(a) A 0.2564 M solution of pure glucose is treated at 25 °C with an enzyme (catalyst) that causes the preceding equilibrium to be reached quickly. The final concentration of fructose is 0.1175 M. In another experiment at the same temperature, a 0.2666 M solution of pure fructose is treated with the same enzyme and the final concentration of glucose is 0.1415 M. Compute an average equilibrium constant for the preceding reaction. (b) At equilibrium under these conditions, what percentage of glucose is converted to fructose?

A random sample of 16 one-kilogram sugar packets is obtained and the actual weights of the packets are measured. The sample mean is $\bar{x}= 1.053$ kg and the sample standard deviation is $s = 0.058$ kg. Construct $90\%, 95\%$, and $99\%$ two-sided confidence intervals for the standard deviation $\sigma$ of the packet weights.

When table sugar is heated, it decomposes to form C and $\mathrm{H}_2 \mathrm{O}$. (a) Write a balanced equation for the process. (b) How many grams of carbon are formed by the breakdown of 60.0 g of sucrose? (c) How many grams of water are formed when 6.50 of carbon are formed?

Saccharin, a sugar substitute, has the formula $\mathrm{HC}_{7} \mathrm{H}_{4} \mathrm{NSO}_{3}$ and is a weak acid with $K_{\mathrm{a}}=2.0 \times 10^{-12}.$ If 100.0 g of saccharin is dissolved in enough water to make 340 mL of solution, calculate the pH of the resulting solution.

A quantity of insulin used to regulate sugar in the bloodstream breaks down by about 5% each minute after the injection. A bodyweight-adjusted dose is generally 10 units. How long does it take for the remaining insulin to be half of the original injection? Round to the nearest tenth (one decimal place).

The complete decomposition ofsucrose (table sugar) caused by strong heating may be represented by this equation.

C$_{12}$H$_{22}$O$_{11}$(s) $\longrightarrow$ 11H$_2$O(l) + 12C(s)

For the decomposition of 1.00 mol of sucrose:

How many grams of H$_2$O are produced?

In the sentence below, underline the pronoun in parentheses that agrees with its antecedent. Example 1. Four miles was how far we had hiked; ($\underline{\text{it}}$, they) didn’t take us very long.

Three eighths of a cup was all the sugar the recipe called for, but (it, they) made the banana bread sweet enough.

Yeast and sugar are added to champagne to give the sparkle of carbonation. Under what conditions is carbon dioxide gas most soluble?

(a) low temperature, high pressure

(b) low temperature, low pressure

(c) high temperature, low pressure

(d) high temperature, high pressure

(e) none of the above

Through photosynthesis, plants build molecules of sugar containing several carbon atoms from carbon dioxide. In the process, entropy is decreased. The reaction of $\mathrm{C O}_2$ with formic acid to form oxalic acid provides a simple example of a reaction in which the number of carbon atoms in a compound increases:

$$\mathrm{CO}_2(\mathrm{aq})+\mathrm{HCOOH}(\mathrm{aq}) \rightarrow \mathrm{H}_2 \mathrm{C}_2 \mathrm{O}_2(\mathrm{aq})$$

(a) Calculate the standard entropy change for this reaction and discuss the sign of $\Delta S^{\circ}$.

(b) How do plants carry out reactions that increase the number of carbon atoms in a sugar, given the changes in entropy for reactions like this?

You have decided to enter the candy business. You are considering producing two types of candies: Slugger Candy and Easy Out Candy, both of which consist solely of sugar, nuts, and chocolate. At present, you have in stock 100 oz of sugar, 20 oz of nuts, and 30 oz of chocolate. The mixture used to make Easy Out Candy must contain at least 20% nuts. The mixture used to make Slugger Candy must contain at least 10% nuts and 10% chocolate. Each ounce of Easy Out Candy can be sold for 250¢, and each ounce of Slugger Candy for 20¢. Formulate an LP that will enable you to maximize your revenue from candy sales.

The drug dideoxycytidine, used to treat certain viral infections, is a nucleotide made with $2^{\prime}, 3^{\prime}$-dideoxyribose. This sugar lacks - $\mathrm{OH}$ groups at both the $2^{\prime}$ and the $3^{\prime}$ positions. Explain why this drug stops the growth of a DNA chain when added to DNA.

Arrange the following aqueous solutions in order of (i) increasing vapor pressure of water and (ii) increasing boiling point.

(a) 0.35 m HOCH$_2$CH$_2$OH (a nonvolatile solute)

(b) 0.50 m sugar

(c) 0.20 m KBr (a strong electrolyte)

(d) 0.20 m Na$_2$SO$_4$ (a strong electrolyte)