Two boys and four girls are on a quiz bowl team. Determine which methods are fair for choosing one of the members randomly to be the team captain. Since there are more girls, assign each girl a number and choose that number at random from a box. _____

In a science fiction movie,a huge explosion occurs on the surface of a planet. People in a spaceship heading toward the planet see and hear the explosion. Is this realistic? Explain.

Some sentences in the following passage contains an italicized vocabulary word or related form. After you read the passage, you will complete an exercise.

Dr. Charles Drew: Physician and Scientist

Dr. Charles Richard Drew $(1904-1950)$, an American physician and scientist, was internationally recognized as the leading authority on the preservation of human blood for transfusion. Without his work on blood plasma, numerous lives would have been lost needlessly during World War II. His pioneering efforts in blood research were also responsible for the foundation of blood banks, which continue to save lives today.

Charles Drew began his medical career at MoGill University in Montreal, Canada. He became interested in blood research as an intern. In $1938$ a Rockefeller fellowship for advanced training allowed him to pursue this interest at Columbia University's Presbyterian Hospital, where two years later he would be awarded the Doctor of Medical Science degree, actually a Ph.D. in medicine. Charles Drew was the first American black to receive this degree.

Working on techniques for synthesizing and preserving blood, Dr. Drew paid close attention to the special properties of plasma, the fluid portion of blood. Presupposing that plasma could be preserved for future emergency transfusions, he spent as much as eighteen hours a day gathering data to support this idea. In $1939$ he tested his theory empirically by setting up an experimental blood bank. His hypothesis was valid; unlike whole blood, plasma could be stored more than one week and could be administered to a person of any blood type. Drew's doctoral thesis, Banked Blood: A Study in Blood Preservation, dealt with the development of the blood bank and with the preservation and transportation of plasma. The treatise remains a definitive study of the subject.

As World War II began in Europe, Dr. Drew had further opportunity to verify his findings. He was appointed medical supervisor of the "Blood for Britain" project, which supplied Britain with badly needed blood plasma. Although some physicians at first rationalized that whole blood was preferable, Drew showed them that plasma was more efficient, especially in emergencies, when speed was crucial. After Britain no longer needed American aid, Drew was appointed director of the American Red Cross program for collecting and banking blood for the American armed services. Dr. Drew's work for both programs constituted a rebuttal to the conventional assumption that wartime casualties could be treated only in hospitals. Formerly it had been axiomatic that battlefield transfusions were impossible. Now the emergency use of plasma repudiated this idea. Trained technicians could administer the life-saving plasma, sometimes in a matter of minutes.

In peacetime Drew's work remained important as blood banks continued to save lives. Drew spent the rest of his career in various teaching and administrative posts at Howard University, where he became head of the department of surgery.

Dr. Charles Drew died of injuries resulting from a car accident. His death was ironic: in desperate need of a blood transfusion, he did not reach a hospital in time.

Each of the following statements corresponds to some sentences in the passage. Each statement contains a blank and is followed by four answer choices. Decide which choice fits best in the blank. The word or phrase that you choose must express roughly the same meaning as the italicized word in the passage. Write the letter of your choice on the answer line.

Some physicians $\underline{?}$ that whole blood was preferable to plasma. ___________

a. argued b. reasoned c. were certain d. were pleased

Predict what might happen to a population of people who do not understand the nature of science. Use examples of key issues facing our society.

List price for a computer is $2,560. Net price is$2,100.

The following arguments are deductive. Determine whether each is valid or invalid, and note the relationship between your answer and the truth or falsity of the premises and conclusion. Finally, determine whether the argument is sound or unsound. All physicians are individuals who have earned degrees in political science, and some lawyers are physicians. Therefore, some lawyers are persons who have earned degrees in political science.

Some sentences in the following passage contains an italicized vocabulary word or related form. After you read the passage, you will complete an exercise.

Dr. Charles Drew: Physician and Scientist

Dr. Charles Richard Drew $(1904-1950)$, an American physician and scientist, was internationally recognized as the leading authority on the preservation of human blood for transfusion. Without his work on blood plasma, numerous lives would have been lost needlessly during World War II. His pioneering efforts in blood research were also responsible for the foundation of blood banks, which continue to save lives today.

Charles Drew began his medical career at MoGill University in Montreal, Canada. He became interested in blood research as an intern. In $1938$ a Rockefeller fellowship for advanced training allowed him to pursue this interest at Columbia University's Presbyterian Hospital, where two years later he would be awarded the Doctor of Medical Science degree, actually a Ph.D. in medicine. Charles Drew was the first American black to receive this degree.

Working on techniques for synthesizing and preserving blood, Dr. Drew paid close attention to the special properties of plasma, the fluid portion of blood. Presupposing that plasma could be preserved for future emergency transfusions, he spent as much as eighteen hours a day gathering data to support this idea. In $1939$ he tested his theory empirically by setting up an experimental blood bank. His hypothesis was valid; unlike whole blood, plasma could be stored more than one week and could be administered to a person of any blood type. Drew's doctoral thesis, Banked Blood: A Study in Blood Preservation, dealt with the development of the blood bank and with the preservation and transportation of plasma. The treatise remains a definitive study of the subject.

As World War II began in Europe, Dr. Drew had further opportunity to verify his findings. He was appointed medical supervisor of the "Blood for Britain" project, which supplied Britain with badly needed blood plasma. Although some physicians at first rationalized that whole blood was preferable, Drew showed them that plasma was more efficient, especially in emergencies, when speed was crucial. After Britain no longer needed American aid, Drew was appointed director of the American Red Cross program for collecting and banking blood for the American armed services. Dr. Drew's work for both programs constituted a rebuttal to the conventional assumption that wartime casualties could be treated only in hospitals. Formerly it had been axiomatic that battlefield transfusions were impossible. Now the emergency use of plasma repudiated this idea. Trained technicians could administer the life-saving plasma, sometimes in a matter of minutes.

In peacetime Drew's work remained important as blood banks continued to save lives. Drew spent the rest of his career in various teaching and administrative posts at Howard University, where he became head of the department of surgery.

Dr. Charles Drew died of injuries resulting from a car accident. His death was ironic: in desperate need of a blood transfusion, he did not reach a hospital in time.

Each of the following statements corresponds to some sentences in the passage. Each statement contains a blank and is followed by four answer choices. Decide which choice fits best in the blank. The word or phrase that you choose must express roughly the same meaning as the italicized word in the passage. Write the letter of your choice on the answer line.

Dr. Drew had further opportunity to $\underline{?}$ his findings at the start of World War II. ___________

a. reassess b. conceal c. prove the truth of d. promote financially

Science A population of $100$ insects triples in size every month. The function $y=100 \cdot 3^x$ models the population after $x$ months. Graph the function.

Use a computer algebra system, if available, to solve the following single-variable equations. (See Appendix A for guidance on using computer algebra systems like Mathematica.)

$$5x^2-3x=-17$$

Develop a dynamic programming formulation of the CSL Computer problem.

Assume that you have access to a computer that can randomly generate whole numbers between any two values. Describe how this computer can be used to simulate the rolling of a pair of dice.

(Practice) Enter and run Program 11.9 on your computer.

Below is a pair of reading passages followed by several multiple-choice question. Carefully read the passages and choose the best answer for the question.

The following passages describe circumstances surrounding the lives of two different young rulers. Alexandrina Victoria, Queen of the United Kingdom of Britain and Empress of India, ruled from $1837$ until $1901$. Alexander the Great, King of Macedonia, constructed the largest western empire of the ancient world during his reign, which was from $336$ to $323$ B.C.

First passage

In $1792$, the French overthrew King Louis XVI and his wife Marie Antoinette, which sparked three decades of bloodshed under the new French Republic and more of conquest because of the imperial designs of Napoleon. After Napoleon was finally silenced at the battle of Waterloo in $1815$, the Congress of Vienna restored the monarchy in France. Meanwhile, King George III, $5$ the "mad king" of England, neared the end of a sixty-year reign, the latter part of which was marked by bouts of insanity. When Queen Victoria was born in $1819$, the continent of Europe was breathing a sigh of relief.

Victoria grew up during the reigns of her uncles, King George IV and King William IV; however, her protective mother, who scorned the sybaritic lives of William and George, ensured $10$ that Victoria had little exposure to the courts of the two monarchs. Victoria was a kept child, never out of her mother's company, and interacted only with the host of private tutors who provided her with a thorough classical education. Having endured a childhood of isolation and strict control, the eighteen-year-old Victoria found herself Queen when William died in $1837$. Knowing that her mother had merely wanted to become regent before Victoria came of age, she quickly shrugged off $15$ her mother's domineering influence; however, Victoria had but a fraction of the power of previous English monarchs: by the time of Victoria's reign, the role of a monarch in the creation of policy was little more than that of an advisor who was capable of swaying public opinion if necessary. Reform acts, starting in $1832$, granted suffrage to legions of formerly unrepresented working-class voters, further diminishing the power of the aristocracy.

The Reform Acts, combined with Victoria's image of honesty and modesty, helped to protect England from the types of upheavals that plagued the rest of Europe at the time. The French revolted in $1830$ and then again in $1848$, the same year in which revolution wracked Prussia and the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The Communist Manifesto appeared, also in $1848$, and the philosophy therein served as the inspiration for revolts around the world for the next century.

England enjoyed a period of relative stability, while revolutionary passions ran their course through the rest of the world. In $1840$, Queen Victoria married her cousin Prince Albert, and Albert introduced a conservative tone into English politics and society. Albert insisted upon a strict code of conduct in court, and he urged Victoria to voice her opinions among members of the executive cabinet. Under Albert's guidance, Victoria, protecting her dwindling rights as monarch, demonstrated increasingly conservative politics during an era that saw the birth of tradition-challenging ideas such as nationalism, liberalism, democracy, and socialism. She also retained the propriety and restraint inculcated in her youth, demonstrating the values which, emulated by English society, are cataloged today as distinctly Victorian. In the meantime, the British Empire exploded in size, adding ten million square miles of territory and hundreds of millions of subjects. The Empire engaged in no fewer than fifteen wars of varying scale during Victoria's reign.

By the time Queen Victoria died in $1901$, the British Empire had added India to its territorial holdings and survived the turmoil and bloodshed concomitant with the revolutions and the creation of two new nations, Germany and Italy, on the European Continent. The anxieties of a teenage queen could easily have sent the British public into a panic, but Victoria's inborn strength and aplomb brought stability and security to her nation, and her subjects revered her.

Second passage

The father of Alexander the Great, Philip of Macedon, had conquered all of Greece before his assassination in $336$ B.C. When Philip died, he left twenty-year-old Alexander with the small task of conquering the Persian Empire. Like a flare that burns with an intense, white-hot flame, Alexander the Great lived fiercely but died young, at the age of thirty-two; however, in his twelve $5$ years as king, Alexander built an empire that stretched from Egypt to China.

One may wonder what type of childhood and adolescent influences must have been at work to create such a powerful ruler. At first glance, Alexander was anything but a charismatic leader-he is described as having been of average appearance and of nervous temperament. His one outstanding feature is said to have been his piercing gaze.

Much legend has arisen around Alexander's childhood. He is said to have received a group of envoys from Persia on a day when his father was reviewing his troops, and to have made a more favorable impression on them than his father would have-at the age of six!

Alexander's first teacher, Leonidas, ingrained his own ascetic personality in young Alexander. He imparted a strong work ethic to the boy, which gave Alexander the intrinsic self-discipline he $15$ needed to be a good soldier and a young king. When Alexander traveled with his armies, he lived as his soldiers lived, sleeping on the ground and sharing unsavory rations, foregoing extravagant tents, regal vestments, and luxurious meals that had no purpose on the battlefield.

Alexander's second teacher, Lysimacuis, taught Alexander to appreciate the arts of music, poetry, and drama, but his most famous teacher, the Athenian philosopher Aristotle, passed along 20 his knowledge of science, medicine, philosophy, ethics, and politics, all of which contributed to the background that would soon make the thirteen-year-old Alexander a great leader and champion of his people.

One story that demonstrates young Alexander's precocious nature is that of Alexander and his horse, Bucephalus. Philoneicus of Thessaly presented a horse to sell to Philip, but none of Philip's farmhands could handle the wild Bucephalus. Alexander noticed that the animal was afraid of its own shadow, so he wagered $13$ talents-the price of the horse-that he could tame it. Philip accepted the wager, and Alexander quickly collected his prize after leading the horse toward the sun, so that the animal could not see its shadow, then mounting and riding the horse. Not all of the tales associated with Alexander's youth are 'as charming as that of Bucephalus. Philip took several concubines during his reign, one of whom was Cleopatra, the daughter of a Macedonian aristocrat. During the wedding feast, Cleopatra's uncle, Attalus, suggested that Philip and Cleopatra produce a pure Macedonian heir (Alexander's mother, Olympias, was an Albanian who practiced Dionysian rituals that were not commonly condoned in Macedonia; Alexander was not considered to be a pure Macedonian). Alexander took great offense to the suggestion and a brawl ensued, which estranged Alexander from his father until Philip was assassinated in $336$.

Alexander is often described as the ruler who accomplished more in thirteen years than anyone else had accomplished in an entire lifetime. Alexander, like many princes, had a superior education in arts, sciences, and military strategy, but perhaps it was the unconventional education-that which a dysfunctional family presents-that somehow fueled Alexander's ambition. Whatever the deciding factors, Alexander undoubtedly remains among the most powerful military leaders in the history of the world.

As used in line $17$ of the second passage, vestments most nearly means

A. robes.

B. weaponry.

C. goblets.

D. scrolls.

E. attitudes.

Some sentences in the following passage contains an italicized vocabulary word or related form. After you read the passage, you will complete an exercise.

Dr. Charles Drew: Physician and Scientist

Dr. Charles Richard Drew $(1904-1950)$, an American physician and scientist, was internationally recognized as the leading authority on the preservation of human blood for transfusion. Without his work on blood plasma, numerous lives would have been lost needlessly during World War II. His pioneering efforts in blood research were also responsible for the foundation of blood banks, which continue to save lives today.

Charles Drew began his medical career at MoGill University in Montreal, Canada. He became interested in blood research as an intern. In $1938$ a Rockefeller fellowship for advanced training allowed him to pursue this interest at Columbia University's Presbyterian Hospital, where two years later he would be awarded the Doctor of Medical Science degree, actually a Ph.D. in medicine. Charles Drew was the first American black to receive this degree.

Working on techniques for synthesizing and preserving blood, Dr. Drew paid close attention to the special properties of plasma, the fluid portion of blood. Presupposing that plasma could be preserved for future emergency transfusions, he spent as much as eighteen hours a day gathering data to support this idea. In $1939$ he tested his theory empirically by setting up an experimental blood bank. His hypothesis was valid; unlike whole blood, plasma could be stored more than one week and could be administered to a person of any blood type. Drew's doctoral thesis, Banked Blood: A Study in Blood Preservation, dealt with the development of the blood bank and with the preservation and transportation of plasma. The treatise remains a definitive study of the subject.

As World War II began in Europe, Dr. Drew had further opportunity to verify his findings. He was appointed medical supervisor of the "Blood for Britain" project, which supplied Britain with badly needed blood plasma. Although some physicians at first rationalized that whole blood was preferable, Drew showed them that plasma was more efficient, especially in emergencies, when speed was crucial. After Britain no longer needed American aid, Drew was appointed director of the American Red Cross program for collecting and banking blood for the American armed services. Dr. Drew's work for both programs constituted a rebuttal to the conventional assumption that wartime casualties could be treated only in hospitals. Formerly it had been axiomatic that battlefield transfusions were impossible. Now the emergency use of plasma repudiated this idea. Trained technicians could administer the life-saving plasma, sometimes in a matter of minutes.

In peacetime Drew's work remained important as blood banks continued to save lives. Drew spent the rest of his career in various teaching and administrative posts at Howard University, where he became head of the department of surgery.

Dr. Charles Drew died of injuries resulting from a car accident. His death was ironic: in desperate need of a blood transfusion, he did not reach a hospital in time.

Each of the following statements corresponds to some sentences in the passage. Each statement contains a blank and is followed by four answer choices. Decide which choice fits best in the blank. The word or phrase that you choose must express roughly the same meaning as the italicized word in the passage. Write the letter of your choice on the answer line.

The emergency use of plasma $\underline{?}$ this idea. ___________

a. supported b. questioned c. rejected d. tolerated