Using the VSEPR theory, predict the molecular structure of the following polyatomic ions.

b. perchlorate ion, $\mathrm{ClO}_4{ }^{-}$

Classify the bond between these pairs of elements as principally ionic or principally covalent :

(a) sulfur and oxygen
(b) barium and nitrogen
(c) potassium and bromine
(d) carbon and chlorine

Chlorine gas can be prepared according to the reaction

$$\begin{aligned} &16\mathrm{~HCI}+2\mathrm{~KMnO}_4 \longrightarrow \\ &5\mathrm{~Cl}_2+2\mathrm{~KCl}+2\mathrm{~MnCl}_2+8 \mathrm{~H}_2\mathrm{O} \\ & \end{aligned}$$

(a) How many moles of $\mathrm{MnCl}_2$ can be produced when $25 \mathrm{~g}$ $\mathrm{KMnO}_4$ are mixed with $85 \mathrm{~g}\mathrm{~HCl}$?
(b) How many grams of water will be produced when $75 \mathrm{~g}$ $\mathrm{KCl}$ are produced?
(c) What is the percent yield of $\mathrm{Cl}_2$ if $150 \mathrm{~g} \mathrm{~HCl}$ are reactcd, producing $75 \mathrm{~g}$ of $\mathrm{Cl}_2$?
(d) When $25 \mathrm{~g} \mathrm{HCl}$ react with $25 \mathrm{~g} \mathrm{~KMnO}$, how many grams of $\mathrm{Cl}_2$ can be produced? (e) How many grams of the excess reactant in part (d) are left unreacted?

Hydrazine $\left(\mathrm{N}_2 \mathrm{H}_4\right)$ and hydrogen peroxide $\left(\mathrm{H}_2 \mathrm{O}_2\right)$ have been used as rocket propellants. They react according to the following equation:

$$7\mathrm{~H}_2 \mathrm{O}_2+\mathrm{N}_2 \mathrm{H}_4 \longrightarrow 2 \mathrm{~HNO}_3+8 \mathrm{~H}_2 \mathrm{O}$$

(a) When $75 \mathrm{~kg}$ of hydrazine react, how many grams of nitric acid can be formed?
(b) When $250 \mathrm{~L}$ of hydrogen peroxide $(d=1.41 \mathrm{~g} / \mathrm{mL}$ ) react, how many grams of water can be formed?
(c) How many grams of hydrazine will be required to react with $725 \mathrm{~g}$ hydrogen peroxide?
(d) How many grams of water can be produced when $750 \mathrm{~g}$ hydrazine combine with $125\mathrm{~g}$ hydrogen peroxide?
(e) How many grams of the excess reactant in part (d) are left unreacted?

Pick the electron structures that represent elements in the same chemical family:

(a) $1 s^2 2 s^1$
(b) $1 s^2 2 s^2 2 p^4$
(c) $1 s^2 2 s^2 2 p^2$
(d) $1 s^2 2 s^2 2 p^6 3 s^2 3 p^4$
(e) $1 s^2 2 s^2 2 p^6 3 s^2 3 p^6$
(f) $1 s^2 2 s^2 2 p^6 3 s^2 3 p^6 4 s^2$
(g) $1 s^2 2 s^2 2 p^6 3 s^2 3 p^6 4 s^1$
(h) $1 s^2 2 s^2 2 p^6 3 s^2 3 p^6 4 s^2 3 d^1$

What do the electron structures of the alkali metals have in common?

Chlorine forms from the reaction of hydrochloric acid with manganese (IV) oxide. The balanced equation is: $\mathrm{MnO}_{2}+4 \mathrm{HCl} \rightarrow \mathrm{MnCl}_{2}+\mathrm{Cl}_{2}+2 \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}$ Calculate tire theoretical and the percent yield of chlorine if 86.0 of $\mathrm{MnO}_{2}$ and 50.0 g of HCl react. The actual yield of $\mathrm{Cl}_{2}$ is 20.0 g.

Using the VSEPR theory, predict the molecular structure of the following polyatomic ions.

a. dihydrogen phosphate ion, $\mathrm{H}_2 \mathrm{PO}_4{ }^{-}$

Using the VSEPR theory, predict the molecular structure of the following polyatomic ions.

c. ammonium ion, $\mathrm{NH}_4{ }^{+}$

Using the VSEPR theory, predict the molecular structure of the following polyatomic ions.

b. phosphate ion, $\mathrm{PO}_4{ }^{3-}$

Using the VSEPR theory, predict the molecular structure of the following polyatomic ions.

a. sulfate ion, $\mathrm{SO}_4{ }^{2-}$

Using the VSEPR theory, predict the molecular structure of the following molecules.

c. $\mathrm{GeI}_4$

Using the VSEPR theory, predict the molecular structure of each of the following molecules.
c. $\mathrm{OF}_2$

Using the VSEPR theory. predict the molecular structure of each of the following molecules. a. $\mathrm{CBr}_4$ b. $\mathrm{PH}_3$ c. $\mathrm{OCl}_2$