What is permafrost?

A. curly crystals of frost that form early in the morning

B. ice and snow that exist throughout the entire year

C. ice and snow that are permanently in motion

D. the upper part of the ground that remains frozen throughout the year

What are some possible influences of ocean currents on glaciation?

A. Cold currents can cool the land allowing glaciers to form if there is sufficient precipitation.

B. Cold currents can inhibit the growth of glaciers because they put less moisture into the atmosphere.

C. Warm currents can warm parts of continents, inhibiting glaciation.

D. Warm currents bring warm moist air that can increase precipitation and snowfall if the temperature is cold enough.

E. All of these.

What is the typical setting of a sea cave or sea stack?

A. within a protected bay

B. on a barrier island

C. on a sandbar

D. on a baymouth bar

E. on a promontory

Dust storms, like the one shown in this satellite image near North Africa, can transport dust over maximum distances of:

A. 10 kilometers

B. 50 to 90 kilometers

C. 100 kilometers because of the Coriolis effect

D. several hundred kilometers

E. thousands of kilometers

What happens to snowflakes as they become progressively buried within glaciers?

A. they become less dense because of large amounts of trapped air

B. they begin to melt as they are insulated from the cold air

C. they become interlocking crystals of ice

D. they can become brighter white because of trapped air

E. all of these

What is the feature numbered 4 in the lower right of this figure?

A. cirque

B. U-shaped valley

c. lateral moraine

D. terminal moraine

If waves approach the shore at an angle they:

A. die out before they reach the shore

B. begin to break in water depths deeper than the wave base

C. bend so they approach the shore more directly

D. do none of these because waves do not approach the shore at an angle

What carved this U-shaped valley?

A. a rapidly downcutting river

B. a slowly downcutting river

C. wind

D. glacier

Fjords, estuaries, and barrier islands are associated with coasts that are:
A. emergent
B. submergent.

Regional elevation can be increased by:

A. thrust faulting that thickens the crust

B. constructing huge volcanic fields

C. adding a significant amount of magma at depth

D. heating a region's crust and mantle

E. all of these

Which of the following is true about how waves form and break upon the shore?

A. most waves form from upwelling of deep waters

B. waves get smaller as wind speed increases

C. waves begin to change when they reach water shallower than wave base

D. waves break in a counterclockwise direction because of rotation of the Earth

E. none of these

Describe two of the major world religions practiced in India-Hinduism and Sikhism.

Which of the following influences whether a flood occurs?

A. the height of levees

B. the amount of discharge

C. urbanization (replacing farms or natural land with buildings)

D. the width of the channel

E. all of these are influences

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of a tropical rain forest?

A. high annual rainfall

B. freezing temperatures during only two months in the winter

C. abundance of plant and animal life

D. diversity of species

E. all of these are characteristic of a tropical rain forest