What is the electric potential energy of a system that consists of two protons $2.5 \times 10^{-15} \mathrm{m}$ apart-as might occur inside a typical nucleus?

Give the number of protons and number of neutrons in the nucleus of each of the following: (16.1) a. boron-10 b. zinc-72 c. iron- 59 d. gold-198

Two protons are a distance $4 \times 10^{-9}\ \mathrm{m}$ apart. What is the electric potential energy of the system consisting of the two protons? If the two protons move closer together, will the electric potential energy of the system increase, decrease, or remain the same?

Find the energy to remove (a) one proton and (b) one neutron from a ${ }^{32} \mathrm{~S}$ nucleus. (c) Explain the difference between your answers to parts (a) and (b).

In a helium atom, which contains two electrons, do you think that on average the electrons are closer to the nucleus or farther away than in a hydrogen atom? Why?

Consider the beta decay ${ }^{10} \mathrm{Be} \rightarrow{ }^{10} \mathrm{~B}+\beta^{-}$, with the beryllium nucleus initially at rest. (c) What are the possible energies of that other particle?

Match each term on the left with its meaning on the right.

$$\begin{aligned} \text{adduction}\qquad \qquad \qquad\quad & \text{a. pertaining to the sole of the foot}\\ &\text{b. tail bone}\\ &\text{c. ventral cavity that contains heart, lungs, and associated structures}\\ &\text{d. toward the surface of the body (external)}\\ &\text{e. lying horizontal with face downward}\\ &\text{f. turning outward}\\ &\text{g. nearer to the center (trunk of the body)}\\ &\text{h. ventral cavity that contains digestive, reproductive, and excretory structures}\\ &\text{i. turning inward or inside out}\\ &\text{j. part of the spine known as the neck}\\ &\text{k. movement toward the median plane}\\ &\text{l. away from the head; toward the tail or lower part of a structure}\\ &\text{m. away from the surface of the body (internal)}\\ &\text{n. part of the spine known as the loin}\\ &\text{o. near the back of the body}\\ \end{aligned}$$

Calculate the mass defect for the neon-20 nucleus. The mass of neon-20 is $19.992440 ~u$. (Hint: How many protons and neutrons does neon-20 have?)

Match each term on the left with its meaning on the right.

$$\begin{aligned} \text{proximal}\qquad \qquad \qquad\quad & \text{a. pertaining to the sole of the foot}\\ &\text{b. tail bone}\\ &\text{c. ventral cavity that contains heart, lungs, and associated structures}\\ &\text{d. toward the surface of the body (external)}\\ &\text{e. lying horizontal with face downward}\\ &\text{f. turning outward}\\ &\text{g. nearer to the center (trunk of the body)}\\ &\text{h. ventral cavity that contains digestive, reproductive, and excretory structures}\\ &\text{i. turning inward or inside out}\\ &\text{j. part of the spine known as the neck}\\ &\text{k. movement toward the median plane}\\ &\text{l. away from the head; toward the tail or lower part of a structure}\\ &\text{m. away from the surface of the body (internal)}\\ &\text{n. part of the spine known as the loin}\\ &\text{o. near the back of the body}\\ \end{aligned}$$

For each of the following, indicate if the structure is found only in eukaryotes, or if it is found in eukaryotes and prokaryotes: cell membrane, mitochondria, ribosome, Golgi apparatus, nucleus, cytoplasm, and DNA.

Which of the following forces is (most) crucial for holding a nucleus together?

(a) electric force

(b) magnetic force

(c) the strong force

(d) friction

(e) gravity

Thorium-231 is the product of alpha emission. It is radioactive and emits beta radiation. Determine (a) the parent nucleus of Th-231. (b) the daughter product of Th-231 decay.

Calculate the nuclear binding energy of the nucleus ${ }_{11}^{23} \mathrm{Na}$. The measured atomic mass of $\frac{23}{11} \mathrm{Na}$ is $22.989767$ amu.

Match each term on the left with its meaning on the right.

$$\begin{aligned} \text{abdominopelvic}\qquad \qquad \qquad\quad & \text{a. pertaining to the sole of the foot}\\ &\text{b. tail bone}\\ &\text{c. ventral cavity that contains heart, lungs, and associated structures}\\ &\text{d. toward the surface of the body (external)}\\ &\text{e. lying horizontal with face downward}\\ &\text{f. turning outward}\\ &\text{g. nearer to the center (trunk of the body)}\\ &\text{h. ventral cavity that contains digestive, reproductive, and excretory structures}\\ &\text{i. turning inward or inside out}\\ &\text{j. part of the spine known as the neck}\\ &\text{k. movement toward the median plane}\\ &\text{l. away from the head; toward the tail or lower part of a structure}\\ &\text{m. away from the surface of the body (internal)}\\ &\text{n. part of the spine known as the loin}\\ &\text{o. near the back of the body}\\ \end{aligned}$$