What is the hydraulic grade line? How does it differ from the energy grade line? Under what conditions do both lines coincide with the free surface of a liquid?

What is stagnation pressure? Explain how it can be measured.

Define pressure head, velocity head, and elevation head for a fluid stream and express them for a fluid stream whose pressure is P. velocity is V. and elevation is z.

Water enters a tank of diameter $D_T$ steadily at a mass flow rate of min. An orifice at the bottom with diameter $D_0$ allows water to escape. The orifice has a rounded entrance, so the frictional losses are negligible. If the tank is initially empty, (a) determine the maximum height that the water will reach in the tank and (b) obtain a relation for water height z as a function of time.

What is the hydraulic grade line? How does it differ from the energy grade line? Under what conditions do both lines coincide with the free surface of a liquid?

Define static, dynamic, and hydrostatic pressure. Under what conditions is their sum constant for a flow stream?

Express the Bernoulli equation in three different ways using (a) energies,(b) pressures, and (c) heads.

What is irreversible head loss? How is it related to the mechanical energy loss?

What is useful pump head? How is it related to the power input to the pump?

What are the three major assumptions used in the derivation of the Bernoulli equation?

A student siphons water over a 8.5-m-high wall at sea level. She then climbs to the summit of Mount Shasta (elevation 4390 m, Patm = 58.5 kPa) and attempts the same experiment. Comment on her prospects for success.

In a certain application, a siphon must go over a high wall. Can water or oil with a specific gravity of 0.8 go over a higher wall? Why?

How is the location of the hydraulic grade line determined for open-channel flow? How is it determined at the outlet of a pipe discharging to the atmosphere?

Explain how and why a siphon works. Someone proposes siphoning cold water over a 7-m-high wall. Is this feasible? Explain.