What would happen if the amount of ice in this area increases?

A. the land near the ice would rise

B. the area near the ice would experience isostatic rebound

C. the weight of the ice depresses the land, possibly causing river to change direction

D. none of these

Which of the following is NOT true about rivers?

A. major rivers, like the upper Mississippi near the Great Lakes, must be relatively old rivers

B. the boundary between hard rocks and soft rocks can be marked by waterfalls

C. loading and unloading of the crust by ice sheets can change the direction rivers flow

D. different parts of a river can be different ages

(a) Describe what has happened to the extent of Arctic sea ice since 1980: _____________. (b) Describe what has happened to Arctic air temperature since the early 1900s: ___________. (c) Based on the data above, do you think that the change is Arctic air temperature is affecting the extent of the Arctic sea ice? Justify your answer. ____________

What is the discharge of the stream shown in the accompanying figure if the velocity is 2 meters per second?

A. 300 cubic meters per second

B. 60 cubic meters per second

C. 32 cubic meters per second

D. 15 cubic meters per second

E. none of these

How did this cone of depression in the groundwater form?

A. an artesian spring flowed upward on all sides

B. the earth's rotation causes groundwater to twirl in a counter-clockwise direction

C. groundwater is pumped from the well faster than it can flow to replenish what is lost

D. clay horizons cause perched water to flow away from a central point

What could cause a canyon to be deeper upstream than downstream?

A. the area upstream could be uplifted more than areas downstream

B. the area upstream is higher above base level and so results in deep erosion

C. a steeper gradient allows more erosion upstream

D. all of these

Which of the following can be caused by overpumping of groundwater?

A. land subsidence

B. a change in the flow direction

C. the destruction of an aquifer

D. all of these can be caused by overpumping

Using this plot of annual peak discharge, what is the probability each year that a flood of 1,000 cubic meters per second will occur?

A. 1 in 1,000 , or $0.01 \%$

B. 1 in 100 , or $1 \%$ (100-year flood)

C. between 10 and $20 \%$

D. more than $20 \%$

What are some effects of building a dam?

A. a stream has more sediment below the dam and so can erode more efficiently

B. the reservoir (lake) traps sediment that over time fills up part of the reservoir

C. a dam, whether constructed by nature or by humans, represents a permanent change in base level

D. the stream erodes into the land instead of depositing sediment, where it enters the reservoir

For these ocean currents in the Atlantic, which of these currents is mostly likely to be a cold current?

A. 1

B. 3

C. 4

D. both 1 and 3

E. both 2 and 4

Draw and label a diagram showing the stages in the life cycle of a typical gymnosperm

Draw a diagram explaining the water cycle. Label the processes involved as biological or physical/chemical.

What typically happens when tributaries join the main river?

A. channel size increases

B. water velocity increases

C. the amount of discharge increases

D. total sediment load increases

E. all of these

What is the mostly likely setting for this drainage pattern?

A. the rocks have a relatively equal resistance to erosion

B. drainages have followed a series of fractures that branch off of one another

C. the area has folded or faulted rocks with different resistances to erosion

D. a volcano once existed here but has been partly eroded away