Which assumptions of the kinetic-molecular theory explain the behavior of gases described by Gay-Lussac's law? Explain your answer.

Lamarck's ideas of evolution are known as the inheritance of acquired characteristics: What was incorrect about his theory of how organisms evolve?

Earth rotates much faster than Venus. How does the giant impact theory of the Moon account for this fact?

Phosphorus trifluoride, $\mathrm{PF}_3$, has $\mathrm{F}-\mathrm{P}-\mathrm{F}$ bond angles of $97.8^{\circ}$. (a) How would VB theory use hybrid orbitals to explain these data? (b) How would VB theory use unhybridized orbitals to account for these data? (c) Do either of these models work very well?

Describe some of the ways in which Anna Freud, Heinz Kohut, and Melanie Klein extended and modified traditional Freudian theory.

Lewis's theory is satisfactory to explain bonding in the ionic compound $\mathrm{K}_2 \mathrm{O}$, but it does not readily explain the formation of the ionic compounds potassium superoxide, $\mathrm{KO}_2$, and potassium peroxide, $\mathrm{K}_2 \mathrm{O}_2$ (a) Show that molecular orbital theory can provide this explanation.

Using the VSEPR theory, predict the molecular structure of the following polyatomic ions.

a. sulfate ion, $\mathrm{SO}_4{ }^{2-}$

Molecular orbital theory predicts the existence of antibonding molecular orbitals. How do antibonding electrons affect the stability in a molecul?

Use the VSEPR model to predict the shape of the $\mathrm{AsCl_5}$ molecule and then describe the bonding in the molecules using valence bond theory.

Choose the best answer to below of the following. Explain your reasoning with one or more complete sentences.
What does the famous formula E=$\ mc^{2}$ have to do with special relativity?
(a) Nothing; it comes from a different theory.
(b) It is one of the two starting assumptions of special relativity.
(c) It is a direct consequence of the theory.

A hydrogen atom is in its first excited state (n = 2). Using the Bohr theory of the atom, calculate the potential energy.

A thin tubular shaft of circular cross section with inside diameter 100 mm is subjected to a torque of $5000\ \mathrm{N} \cdot \mathrm{m}$. If the allowable shear stress is 42 MPa, determine the required wall thickness t by using (a) the approximate theory for a thin-walled tube, and (b) the exact torsion theory for a circular bar.

What evidence in rocks supports the theory of seafloor spreading?

A) plate movement

B) magnetic reversals

C) subduction

D) convergence

According to the correspondence principle, (a) new theory must agree with old theory where they overlap. (b) Newton's mechanics is as valid as Einstein's mechanics. (c) relativity equations apply to high speeds while Newton's equations apply to low speeds. (d) special relativity and general relativity are two sides of the same coin.