Which is a chromosome chart? a. karyotype b. pedigree c. Punnett square d. genotype.

Is the following sentence true or false? The Y chromosome does not contain any genes at all.______

In bacteriophages and bacteria, the DNA is almost always organized into circular (closed loops) chromosomes. Phage $\lambda$ is an exception, maintaining its DNA in a linear chromosome within the viral particle. However, as soon as this DNA is injected into a host cell, it circularizes before replication begins. What advantage exists in replicating circular DNA molecules compared to linear molecules, characteristic of eukaryotic chromosomes?

A triploid plant has 18 chromosomes (i.e., 6 chromosomes per set). If we assume a gamete has an equal probability of receiving one or two copies of each of the six types of chromosome, what are the odds of this plant producing a monoploid or a diploid gamete? What are the odds of producing an aneuploid gamete? If the plant is allowed to self-fertilize, what are the odds of producing a euploid offspring?

Colorblindness is carried on the X chromosome and is more common in males than in females because it is a _____.

Why does an extra copy of one chromosome cause so much trouble?

If parents are worried that their child might be born with Down syndrome, what would be the best way to know this: a pedigree, a Punnett square, or a karyotype? Justify your answer.

The tendency for two genes that are located close together on a chromosome to be inherited together is called ________________ .

Explain Phenomena: How is an organism's ability to produce offspring affected by changes to a chromosome?

What is the source of the extra chromosome 21 in an individual with Down syndrome?

A) nondisjunction in the mother only
B) nondisjunction or translocation in either parent
C) nondisjunction in the father only
D) duplication of the chromosome
E) It is impossible to detect with current technology

Explain why many genes on the X chromosome in males will be expressed regardless of their dominance status:

Choose the best answer.

If a parent cell has $14$ chromosomes prior to mitosis, how many chromosomes will each daughter cell have?

a. $28$ because each chromatid is a chromosome

b. $14$ because the chromatids separate

c. only $7$ after mitosis is finished

d. any number between $7$ and $28$

e. $7$ in the nucleus and $7$ in the cytoplasm, for a total of $14$

Name three essential structural elements of a functional eukaryotic chromosome and describe their functions.

Let's suppose a new strain of $\mathrm{P} 1$ has been identified that packages larger pieces of the E. coli chromosome. This new P1 strain packages pieces of the $E$. coli chromosomes that are 5 minutes long. If two genes are $0.7$ minutes apart along the $E$. coli chromosome, what would be the cotransduction frequency using a normal strain of $\mathrm{P} 1$ and using this new strain of $\mathrm{P} 1$ that packages large pieces? What would be the experimental advantage of using this new P1 strain?