Which of the following is true of innate behaviors?

(A) Their expression is only weakly influenced by genes.

(B) They occur with or without environmental stimuli.

(C) They are expressed in most individuals in a population.

(D) They occur in invertebrates and some vertebrates but not mammals.

Why are the muscles of an animal that has recently died likely to be stiff?

Acorn woodpeckers (Melanerpes formicivorus) stash acorns in storage holes they drill in trees. When these woodpeckers breed, the offspring from previous years often help with parental duties. Activities of these nonbreeding helpers include incubating eggs and defending stashed acorns. Propose some questions that a behavioral biologist could ask about the proximate and ultimate causation of these behaviors.

Learning is defined as a change in behavior based on experience. In a short essay (100-150 words), describe how heritable information contributes to the acquisition of learning, using examples from imprinting and associative learning.

We often explain our behavior in terms of subjective feelings, motives, or reasons, but evolutionary explanations are based on reproductive fitness. Can both kinds of explanation be valid? For instance, is an explanation for behavior such as "falling in love" incompatible with an evolutionary explanation?

What is the function of a male frigatebird's inflatable red throat pouch?

During the contraction of a vertebrate skeletal muscle fiber, calcium ions

(A) break cross-bridges by acting as a cofactor in ATP hydrolysis.

(B) bind with troponin, changing its shape so that the myosinbinding sites on actin are exposed.

(C) transmit action potentials from the motor neuron to the muscle fiber.

(D) spread action potentials through the T tubules.

How might associative learning explain why different species of distasteful or stinging insects have similar colors?

If an egg rolls out of the nest, a mother graylag goose will retrieve it by nudging it with her beak and head. If researchers remove the egg or substitute a ball during this process, the goose continues to bob her beak and head while she moves back to the nest. Explain how and why this behavior occurs.

When ATP binds, what prevents the filaments from sliding back into their original positions?

What alternative hypothesis is ruled out by having three R and K lines, rather than one of each?

Why does the mode of fertilization correlate with the presence or absence of male parental care?

The body masses of the animals used in these experiments ranged from about 0.001g to 1,000,000 g, and their rates of energy use ranged from about 0.1 cal/ (kg · m) to 100 cal / (kg · m). If you were to plot these data on a graph with linear instead of log scales for the axes, how would you draw the axes so that all of the data would be visible? What is the advantage of using log scales for plotting data with a wide range of values?

Looking at the figure, would you say that there are multiple sarcomeres per myofibril or multiple myofibrils per sarcomere? Explain.