Which statement accurately describes southern society in the mid-1800s? A Very few white southerners owned slaves. B Few white southerners owned the land they farmed. C Many African Americans in the South owned land. D Most white southerners were small farmers.

According to Douglass, how do laws in the South prove that slaves are human beings?

Equiano, an African sold into slavery in North America, makes a strong case against slavery. In the passage above, Equiano uses an unusual but effective strategy. Rather than using declarative sentences to make his point, Equiano uses interrogative sentences. Is this a choice that you would have expected? Why or why not?

Underline each independent clause in the following sentence. Example 1. $\underline{\text{Many athletes remember Alice Coachman}}$ because she helped break down barriers for both women and African Americans.

The $1948$ Olympics were held m London, England, and Alice Coachman was there.

In a key passage on page 1010 , Walker uses a metaphor and a simile to describe how African American women handed down their "creative spark" over the generations. What are these imaginative comparisons between two very different things? (Can you think of others she might have used?)

Create a cause-and-effect diagram with a partner showing the conflicts two or more African states of your choice have encountered as they struggled to gain independence and how their political relationships have affected economic relationships with other countries or states. Illustrate your diagram using other forms of media.

A simple technique that biologists use to estimate the age of an African elephant is to measure the length of the elephant's footprint and then calculate its age using the equation

$$l=45-25.7 e^{-0.09 a}$$

where $l$ is the length of the footprint (in centimeters) and $a$ is the age (in years).

Use the equation to find the ages of the elephants with the help of footprint.

[Related to the Apply the Concept on page 583] Why might employers be more likely to interview a job applicant with a white-sounding name than an applicant with an African-American–sounding name? Leaving aside legal penalties, will employers who follow this practice incur an economic penalty? Briefly explain.

Based on the mission statement and the calendar of events, which of the following conclusions is not supported by these documents?

A The museum supports the work of African American writers.

B The museum believes in collaborating with other organizations.

C The museum believes that it needs to attract more members.

D The museum wants children to learn about the Underground Railroad.

Revise each of the following sentences so that it begins with an appositive, an appositive phrase, a single-word modifier, a phrase modifier, or a clause modifier.

The British army also suffered a shortage of troops, and the British made plans to recruit African Americans into their army in 1775.

In Dred Scott v. Sanford of 1857, the Supreme Court found that "A free negro of the African race, whose ancestors were brought to this country and sold as slaves, is not a 'citizen' within the meaning of the Constitution of the United States," How did the Supreme Court decision add to the tensions over slavery in the 1850s?

Copy the diagram below. List some of the factors that caused problems for African countries after independence.

$$\begin{array}{|c|c|c|} \hline \text{Ghana} & \text{Nigeria} & \text{Angola} \\ \hline \text{Somalia} & \text{Rwanda} & \text{Zaire} \\ \hline \end{array}$$

The number of African elephants has been greatly reduced by poachers who kill the animals for their ivory tusks. This negative aspect of human involvement in the ecosystem could best be described as (1) poor land-use management (2) importation of organisms (3) poor agricultural practices (4) exploitation of wildlife

In the paragraph below, draw a line through each error in the use of a verb and write the correct past or past participle form above it. Evidence of these ice ages has came from African rock formations over $500$ million years old.