Why are transfer RNAs important in translation? Do genes for tRNAs have promoters, and are tRNAs translated? What are aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, what are their substrates, and what do they do?

What role does tRNA play in translation?

What is the role of tRNA during translation?

What is meant by the term semiconservative replication? What are the functions of DNA Pol I and III, helicase, and primase? How does a leading strand differ from a lagging strand?

How are chromosomes and plasmids similar, and how do they differ? What are R plasmids and why are they of medical concern?

Describe the central dogma of molecular biology. With regards to DNA, what is supercoiling and what is meant by the terms antiparallel and complementary?

Describe the two types of secondary structure a polypeptide can attain. Which proteins can achieve quaternary structure? Which protein structure(s) are altered by denaturation?

Name two common enzymes that function to incorporate $\mathrm{NH_{3}}$ into the cell. How do their reaction mechanisms differ?

How does the archaeal RNA polymerase differ from that in Bacteria? How does the initiation of transcription in the two domains differ? Why do eukaryotic mRNAs have to be "processed" whereas most prokaryotic RNAs do not?

What is the major differences between bacteria that use anaerobic vs aerobic respiration and the difference between the 2 processes?

What is the proton motive force and how is it generated? How does the proton motive force result in ATP biosynthesis?

List some of the key electron carriers found in electron transport chains.

There are many different types of tRNA molecules, each with a different anticodon. (a) How many different tRNA types are there, each with a unique anticodon? (b) Explain your answer:

How is ATP made in fermentation and in respiration? Where in glycolysis is NADH produced, where is it consumed, and why are fermentation products such as ethanol and lactic acid made?