Would you describe the association between $Pilobolus$ and cows as a symbiotic relationship? Explain your answer.

Angiosperms such as grasses, oaks, and maples are wind pollinated. The ancestors of these subgroups were probably pollinated by insects, however. As an adaptive advantage, why might a species "revert" to wind pollination? Why is it logical to observe that wind-pollinated species usually grow in dense stands containing many individuals of the same species? Why is it logical to observe that in wind-pollinated deciduous trees, flowers form very early in spring - before leaves form?

What trait(s) define(s) the vertebrates?

A) Jaws and a spinal cord.

B) Endoskeleton constructed of bone.

C) Notochord and a post-anal-tail.

D) Vertebrae and cranium.

Suppose that a gene originally identified in nematodes (roundworms) is found to be homologous with a gene that can cause developmental abnormalities in humans. Would it be possible to use fruit flies as a model organism to study this gene? Explain.

Which of these characteristics does not apply to cnidarians?

a. are diploblastic
b. possess a gastrovascular cavity with one opening
c. undergo metamorphosis
d. have a central nervous system

What determines the primary structure of a DNA molecule?

a. stem-and-loop configuration
b. complementary base pairing
c. deoxyribonucleotide sequence
d. hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonding

Both asexual sporangia and zygosporangia can be found in cow dung. Make a simplified drawing that illustrates the events of plasmogamy, karyogamy, and meiosis that occur during sexual reproduction in $Pilobolus$. Be sure to indicate and label the zygosporangium.

What does it mean to say that a hypha is dikaryotic?

a. Two nuclei fuse during sexual reproduction to form a zygote.
b. Two independent nuclei, derived from different individuals, are present in each cell.
c. The nucleus is diploid or polyploid-not haploid.
d. It is extremely highly branched, which increases its surface area and thus absorptive capacity.

Develop simple experiments to test whether $Physarum$ prefers (1) brightly lit or dark environments; (2) dry or moist conditions; (3) oats or sugar as a food source.

Identify at least three human diseases caused by fungi.

Identify the four types of sexual reproductive structures observed in fungi.

Explain the role of the polar tube in microsporidial infections.

The mycelial growth habit leads to a body with a high surface-areato-volume ratio. Why is this important?

a. Mycelia have a large surface area for absorption.
b. The hyphae that make up mycelia are long, thin tubes.
c. Most hyphae are broken up into compartments by walls called septa, although some exist as single, gigantic cells.
d. Hyphae can infiltrate living or dead tissues.

Develop simple experiments to test whether $Physarum$ prefers (1) brightly lit or dark environments; (2) dry or moist conditions; (3) oats or sugar as a food source.