Write both condensed and line structures for (a) the ester formed when butyric acid reacts with cyclopentanol, (b) the amide formed when isopropyl amine is reacted with butyric acid, and (c) the amide formed when diethylamine is reacted with butyric acid, (d) Name the derivatives you created in parts (a)-(c).

Propanamide and methyl acetate have about the same molar mass, both are quite soluble in water, and yet the boiling point of propanamide is 486 K, whereas that of methyl acetate is 330 K. Explain.

Mules result from a cross between a horse (2 n = 64) and a donkey (2 $n=62$ ), have 63 chromosomes, and are almost always sterile. However, in the summer of 1985, a female mule named Krause who was pastured with a male donkey gave birth to a male foal (O. A. Ryder et al. 1985. Journal of Heredity 76:379-381). Blood tests established that the foal, appropriately named Blue Moon, was the offspring of Krause and that Krause was indeed a mule. Both Blue Moon and Krause were fathered by the same donkey (see the accompanying pedigree). The foal, like his mother, had 63 chromosomes-half of them horse chromosomes and the other half donkey chromosomes. Analyses of genetic markers showed that, remarkably, Blue Moon seemed to have inherited a complete set of horse chromosomes from his mother, instead of the random mixture of horse and donkey chromosomes that would be expected with normal meiosis. Thus, Blue Moon and Krause were not only mother and son, but also brother and sister.
a. With the use of a diagram, show how, if Blue Moon inherited only horse chromosomes from his mother, Krause and Blue Moon are mother and son as well as sister and brother.
b. Although rare, additional cases of fertile mules giving birth to offspring have been reported. In these cases, when a female mule mates with a male horse, the offspring is horselike in appearance, but when a female mule mates with a male donkey, the offspring is mulelike in appearance. Is this observation consistent with the idea that the offspring of fertile female mules inherit only a set of horse chromosomes from their mule mothers? Explain your reasoning.
c. Can you suggest a possible mechanism for how fertile female mules might pass on a complete set of horse chromosomes to their offspring?

Write the condensed structural formula for each of the following compounds: N,N-dimethylbenzamide.

Salol, the phenyl ester of salicylic acid, is used as an intestinal antiseptic. Draw the structure of phenyl salicylate.

Three amide isomers, N, N-dimethylformamide, N-methylacetamide, and propanamide, have respective boiling points of $153^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$, $202^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$, and $213^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. Explain these boiling points in light of their structural formulas.

All of the following are functions of proteins, except:

A. defense (as antibodies)

B. hormones

C. movement

D. storage of amino acids

E. enzymes

F. storage of glucose structure

Name at least two undesirable characteristics are often associated with alkaloids.

How do amines differ from analogous alcohols in (a) odor, (b) basicity, and (c) boiling point?

What is the difference between a phosphate diester and an ester of a diphosphate? Give an example of each.

Potassium perchlorate, KClO4, has a Ksp at 25°C of 1.07×10^-2. Compute its solubility in grams per liter of solution.

Acetyl phosphate has what is called "high phosphoryl-group transfer potential." Write a reaction in which there is phosphoryl-group transfer from acetyl phosphate to ethanol to make a phosphate ester.

For each strong base solution, determine $[OH^-], [H_3O^+]$, pH, and pOH. a. $8.77 \times 10^{-3} \mathrm{M} \mathrm{LiOH}$ b. $0.0112 \mathrm{M} \mathrm{Ba}(\mathrm{OH})_{2}$ c. $1.9 \times 10^{-4} \mathrm{M} \mathrm{KOH}$ d. $5.0 \times 10^{-4} \mathrm{M} \mathrm{Ca}(\mathrm{OH})_{2}$

Consider the following reaction at equilibrium: A(g) <=> 2 B (g)

From the data shown here, calculate the equilibrium constant (both Kp and Kc) at each temperature. Is the reaction endothermic or exothermic?

$$\begin{array}{|c|c|c|} \hline \text{Temperature (degree C)} & [A] & [B] \\ \hline 200 & 0.0125 & 0.843\\ 300 & 0.171 & 0.764\\ 400 & 0.250 & 0.724 \\ \hline \end{array}$$