Section 1.1:
The Characteristics of Life
Section 1.2:
Evolution and the Classification of Life
Section 1.3:
The Process of Science
Section 1.4:
Challenges Facing Science
Chapter 2: Basic ChemistrySection 2.1:
Chemical Elements
Section 2.2:
Molecules and Compounds
Section 2.3:
Chemistry of Water
Section 2.4:
Acids and Bases
Chapter 3: The Chemistry of Organic MoleculesSection 3.1:
Organic Molecules
Section 3.2:
Carbohydrates
Section 3.3:
Lipids
Section 3.4:
Proteins
Section 3.5:
Nucleic Acids
Chapter 4: Cell Structure and FunctionSection 4.1:
Cellular Level of Organization
Section 4.2:
Prokaryotic Cells
Section 4.3:
Introduction to Eukaryotic Cells
Section 4.4:
The Nucleus and Ribosomes
Section 4.5:
The Endomembrane System
Section 4.6:
Microbodies and Vacuoles
Section 4.7:
The Energy-Related Organelles
Section 4.8:
The Cytoskeleton
Chapter 5: Membrane Structure and FunctionSection 5.1:
Plasma Membrane Structure and Function
Section 5.2:
Passive Transport Across a Membrane
Section 5.3:
Active Transport Across a Membrane
Section 5.4:
Modification of Cell Surfaces
Chapter 6: Metabolism: Energy and EnzymesSection 6.1:
Cells and the Flow of Energy
Section 6.2:
Metabolic Reactions and Energy Transformations
Section 6.3:
Metabolic Pathways and Enzymes
Section 6.4:
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions and Metabolism
Section 7.1:
Photosynthetic Organisms
Section 7.2:
The Process of Photosynthesis
Section 7.3:
Plants Convert Solar Energy
Section 7.4:
Plants Fix Carbon Dioxide
Section 7.5:
Other Types of Photosynthesis
Chapter 8: Cellular RespirationSection 8.1:
Overview of Cellular Respiration
Section 8.2:
Outside the Mitochondria: Glycolysis
Section 8.3:
Outside the Mitochondria: Fermentation
Section 8.4:
Inside the Mitochondria
Section 8.5:
Metabolism
Chapter 9: The Cell Cycle and Cellular ReproductionSection 9.1:
The Cell Cycle
Section 9.2:
The Eukaryotic Chromosome
Section 9.3:
Mitosis and Cytokinesis
Section 9.4:
The Cell Cycle and Cancer
Section 9.5:
Prokaryotic Cell Division
Chapter 10: Meiosis and Sexual ReproductionSection 10.1:
Overview of Meiosis
Section 10.2:
Genetic Variation
Section 10.3:
The Phases of Meiosis
Section 10.4:
Meiosis Compared to Mitosis
Section 10.5:
The Cycle of Life
Section 10.6:
Changes in Chromosome Number and Structure
Chapter 11: Mendelian Patterns of InheritanceSection 11.1:
Gregor Mendel
Section 11.2:
Mendel’s Laws
Section 11.3:
Mendelian Patterns of Inheritance and Human Disease
Section 11.4:
Beyond Mendelian Inheritance
Chapter 12: Molecular Biology of the GeneSection 12.1:
The Genetic Material
Section 12.2:
Replication of DNA
Section 12.3:
The Genetic Code of Life
Section 12.4:
First Step: Transcription
Section 12.5:
Second Step: Translation
Chapter 13: Regulation of Gene ExpressionSection 13.1:
Prokaryotic Regulation
Section 13.2:
Eukaryotic Regulation
Section 13.3:
Gene Mutations
Chapter 14: Biotechnology and GenomicsSection 14.1:
DNA Cloning
Section 14.2:
Biotechnology Products
Section 14.3:
Gene Therapy
Section 14.4:
Genomics
Chapter 15: Darwin and EvolutionSection 15.1:
History of Evolutionary Thought
Section 15.2:
Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
Section 15.3:
Evidence for Evolution
Chapter 16: How Populations EvolveSection 16.1:
Genes, Populations, and Evolution
Section 16.2:
Natural Selection
Section 16.3:
Maintenance of Diversity
Chapter 17: Speciation and MacroevolutionSection 17.1:
How New Species Evolve
Section 17.2:
Modes of Speciation
Section 17.3:
Principles of Macroevolution
Chapter 18: Origin and History of LifeSection 18.1:
Origin of Life
Section 18.2:
History of Life
Section 18.3:
Geological Factors That Influence Evolution
Chapter 19: Taxonomy, Systematics, and PhylogenySection 19.1:
Systematic Biology
Section 19.2:
The Three-Domain System
Section 19.3:
Phylogeny
Chapter 20: Viruses, Bacteria, and ArchaeaSection 20.1:
Viruses, Viroids, and Prions
Section 20.2:
The Prokaryotes
Section 20.3:
The Bacteria
Section 20.4:
The Archaea
Chapter 21: Protist Evolution and DiversitySection 21.1:
General Biology of Protists
Section 21.2:
Supergroup Archaeplastida
Section 21.3:
Supergroup Chromalveolata
Section 21.4:
Supergroup Excavata
Section 21.5:
Supergroups Amoebozoa, Opisthokonta, and Rhizaria
Chapter 22: Fungi Evolution and DiversitySection 22.1:
Evolution and Characteristics of Fungi
Section 22.2:
Diversity of Fungi
Section 22.3:
Symbiotic Relationships of Fungi
Chapter 23: Plant Evolution and DiversitySection 23.1:
Ancestry and Features of Land Plants
Section 23.2:
Evolution of Bryophytes: Colonization of Land
Section 23.3:
Evolution of Lycophytes: Vascular Tissue
Section 23.4:
Evolution of Pteridophytes: Megaphylls
Section 23.5:
Evolution of Seed Plants: Full Adaptation to Land
Chapter 24: Flowering Plants: Structure and OrganizationSection 24.1:
Cells and Tissues of Flowering Plants
Section 24.2:
Organs of Flowering Plants
Section 24.3:
Organization and Diversity of Roots
Section 24.4:
Organization and Diversity of Stems
Section 24.5:
Organization and Diversity of Leaves
Chapter 25: Flowering Plants: Nutrition and TransportSection 25.1:
Plant Nutrition and Soil
Section 25.2:
Water and Mineral Uptake
Section 25.3:
Transport Mechanisms in Plants
Chapter 26: Flowering Plants: Control of Growth ResponsesSection 26.1:
Plant Hormones
Section 26.2:
Plant Growth and Movement Responses
Section 26.3:
Plant Responses to Phytochrome
Chapter 27: Flowering Plants: ReproductionSection 27.1:
Sexual Reproductive Strategies
Section 27.2:
Seed Development
Section 27.3:
Fruit Types and Seed Dispersal
Section 27.4:
Asexual Reproductive Strategies
Chapter 28: Invertebrate EvolutionSection 28.1:
Evolution of Animals
Section 28.2:
The Simplest Invertebrates
Section 28.3:
Diversity Among the Lophotrochozoans
Section 28.4:
Diversity of the Ecdysozoans
Section 28.5:
Invertebrate Deuterostomes
Chapter 29: Vertebrate EvolutionSection 29.1:
The Chordates
Section 29.2:
The Vertebrates
Section 29.3:
The Fishes
Section 29.4:
The Amphibians
Section 29.5:
The Reptiles
Section 29.6:
The Mammals
Chapter 30: Human EvolutionSection 30.1:
Evolution of Primates
Section 30.2:
Evolution of Human Like Hominids
Section 30.3:
Evolution of Early Genus Homo
Section 30.4:
Evolution of Later Genus Homo
Chapter 31: Animal Organization and HomeostasisSection 31.1:
Types of Tissues
Section 31.2:
Organs, Organ Systems, and Body Cavities
Section 31.3:
The Integumentary System
Section 31.4:
Homeostasis
Chapter 32: Circulation and Cardiovascular SystemsSection 32.1:
Transport in Invertebrates
Section 32.2:
Transport in Vertebrates
Section 32.3:
The Human Cardiovascular System
Section 32.4:
Blood
Chapter 33: The Lymphatic and Immune SystemsSection 33.1:
Evolution of Immune Systems
Section 33.2:
The Lymphatic System
Section 33.3:
Innate Immune Defenses
Section 33.4:
Adaptive Immune Defenses
Section 33.5:
Immune System Disorders and Adverse Reactions
Chapter 34: Digestive Systems and NutritionSection 34.1:
Digestive Tracts
Section 34.2:
The Human Digestive System
Section 34.3:
Digestive Enzymes
Section 34.4:
Nutrition and Human Health
Chapter 35: Respiratory SystemsSection 35.1:
Gas-Exchange Surfaces
Section 35.2:
Breathing and Transport of Gases
Section 35.3:
Respiration and Human Health
Chapter 36: Body Fluid Regulation and Excretory SystemsSection 36.1:
Animal Excretory Systems
Section 36.2:
The Human Urinary System
Chapter 37: Neurons and Nervous SystemsSection 37.1:
Evolution of the Nervous System
Section 37.2:
Nervous Tissue
Section 37.3:
The Central Nervous System
Section 37.4:
The Peripheral Nervous System
Section 38.1:
Sensory Receptors
Section 38.2:
Chemical Senses
Section 38.3:
Sense of Vision
Section 38.4:
Senses of Hearing and Balance
Section 38.5:
Somatic Senses
Chapter 39: Locomotion and Support SystemsSection 39.1:
Diversity of Skeletons
Section 39.2:
The Human Skeletal System
Section 39.3:
The Muscular System
Chapter 40: Hormones and Endocrine SystemsSection 40.1:
Animal Hormones
Section 40.2:
Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland
Section 40.3:
Other Endocrine Glands and Hormones
Chapter 41: Reproductive SystemsSection 41.1:
How Animals Reproduce
Section 41.2:
Human Male Reproductive System
Section 41.3:
Human Female Reproductive System
Section 41.4:
Control of Human Reproduction
Section 41.5:
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Chapter 42: Animal Development and AgingSection 42.1:
Early Developmental Stages
Section 42.2:
Developmental Processes
Section 42.3:
Human Embryonic and Fetal Development
Section 42.4:
The Aging Process
Chapter 43: Behavioral EcologySection 43.1:
Inheritance Influences Behavior
Section 43.2:
The Environment Influences Behavior
Section 43.3:
Animal Communication
Section 43.4:
Behaviors That Increase Fitness
Chapter 44: Population EcologySection 44.1:
Scope of Ecology
Section 44.2:
Demographics of Populations
Section 44.3:
Population Growth Models
Section 44.4:
Regulation of Population Size
Section 44.5:
Life History Patterns
Section 44.6:
Human Population Growth
Chapter 45: Community and Ecosystem EcologySection 45.1:
Ecology of Communities
Section 45.2:
Community Development
Section 45.3:
Dynamics of an Ecosystem
Chapter 46: Major Ecosystems of the BiosphereSection 46.1:
Climate and the Biosphere
Section 46.2:
Terrestrial Ecosystems
Section 46.3:
Aquatic Ecosystems
Chapter 47: Conservation of BiodiversitySection 47.1:
Conservation Biology and Biodiversity
Section 47.2:
Value of Biodiversity
Section 47.3:
Causes of Extinction
Section 47.4:
Conservation Techniques
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