Edexcel B KEYWORDS: 2 Development Dynamics

Terms in this set (62)

a gas produced by the breakdown of organic matter, such as manure or sewage, in the absence of oxygen. It can be used as a biofuel

Bottom-up development

experts work with communities to identify their needs, offer assistance and let people have more control over their lives, often run by non-governmental organisations

crops sold for cash, directly from farmers to be exported and traded on global markets

Caste-based society

the Hindu caste system determines a person's status (and job), a social custom found traditional rural villages in India

Clark Fisher model

theory produced by two economists, Clark and Fisher, that explains changes in employment structure as countries develop their economies

when another country takes over a foreign land and applies a system of power

items of value that can be traded for money

is a system of government, based on the theories of Karl Marx, which believes in sharing wealth between all people

Containerization

the transport of goods using container ships

areas within a country that are important economic hubs, with high levels of employment and technological innovation

Cycle of poverty

a set of factors that cause continuous poverty unless intervention is made

Demographic data

all data linked to population e.g. birth rate, death rate etc.

Dependency ratio

the proportion of people below (aged 0-14) and above (over 65) normal working age. The lower the number, the greater the number of people who work and are less dependent

Development indicators

measures of how a country is improving

Economic liberalisation

when a country's economy is given the freedom of a 'market economy', consumers and companies decide what people buy based on demand

Emerging countries

a country with high-to-medium human development, and recent economic growth

Emerging economies

countries that have recently industrialised and are progressing towards an increased role in the world economy

average number of births per woman

term used to describe companies that are able to locate anywhere there is high-quality communication links

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)

unrestricted flows of capital (money) from one country to another

Frank's dependency theory

theory developed by economist André Frank that describes development using two types of global region (core and periphery)

a group of wealthy countries found mainly in the Northern hemisphere

a group of less wealthy countries found mainly in the Southern hemisphere

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

the total value of goods and services produced by a country in one year

increased connections between countries

High Income Countries (HICs)

countries where employment is dominated by tertiary and quaternary sectors

Human Development Index (HDI)

a standard means of measuring human development

Industrialisation

where a mainly agricultural society changes and begins to depend on manufacturing industries instead

Infant mortality

number of children per 1000 live births who die before their first birthday

the basic services needed for an industrial country to operate e.g. roads, railways, power and water supplies, waste disposal, schools, hospitals, telephones and communication services

Inter-Governmental Organisations (IGOs)

governments and agencies working together

Intermediate technology

uses low-tech solutions using local materials, labour and expertise to solve problems

is the artificial watering of land that allows farming to take place

Knowledge economy

an economy based on specialised knowledge and skill

Level of development

means a country's wealth (measured by its GDP), and its social and political progress (e.g. its education, health care or democratic process in which everyone can vote freely

Maternal mortality

number of mothers per 100 000 who die in childbirth

Life expectancy

average number of years a person can expect to live

Low Income Countries (LICs)

countries where employment is dominated by the primary sector e.g. farming

Middle Income Countries (MICs)

countries dominated by the secondary sector (manufacturing), which often have large reserves of raw materials which has encouraged investment and growth e.g. Brazil and Chile

Multiplier effect

when people or businesses move to an area and invest money on housing and services, which in turn creates more jobs and attracts more people

Neo-colonialism

'new' colonialism

economy based on the sale of services, rather than manufactured products

Newly Industrialising Countries (NICs)

the name given to countries that have very recently started to rapidly develop, such as Hong Kong, Singapore and Malaysia (the 'Asian Tigers')

Non-governmental organisations (NGOs)

NGOs work to make life better, especially for the poor. Oxfam, the Red Cross and Greenpeace are all NGOs

using people in other countries to provide services if they can do so more cheaply e.g. call centres

Population structure

the number of each sex in each age group (e.g. 10-14), usually displayed in a population pyramid diagram

Primary products

Purchasing power parity (PPP)

shows what you can buy in each country, now used to measure GDP

Rostow's theory

theory by Walt Rostow about the economic growth of countries

Quaternary sector

employment based on highly specialised knowledge and skill

a group of five

Recently Industrialising Countries (RICs)

countries such as China and India which have recently industrialised

Rural-urban migration

the movement of people from the countryside to the cities, normally to escape from poverty and to search for work

Secondary products

manufactured goods

Secondary sector

employment based in manufacturing

Subsistence farming

where farmers grow food to feed their families, rather than to sell

additional cost added to the price of traded goods

means the value of a country's exports relative to that of its imports

Tertiary sector

employment based on services

Top-down development

when decision-making about the development of a place is done by governments or large companies

Trans National Companies (TNCs)

those which operate across more than one country

World Trade Organisation (WTO)

a global organisation dedicated to making trade between countries easier

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