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Edexcel B KEYWORDS: 2 Development Dynamics

Terms in this set (62)

Biogas
a gas produced by the breakdown of organic matter, such as manure or sewage, in the absence of oxygen. It can be used as a biofuel
Bottom-up development
experts work with communities to identify their needs, offer assistance and let people have more control over their lives, often run by non-governmental organisations
Cash crops
crops sold for cash, directly from farmers to be exported and traded on global markets
Caste-based society
the Hindu caste system determines a person's status (and job), a social custom found traditional rural villages in India
Clark Fisher model
theory produced by two economists, Clark and Fisher, that explains changes in employment structure as countries develop their economies
Colonisation
when another country takes over a foreign land and applies a system of power
Commodities
items of value that can be traded for money
Communism
is a system of government, based on the theories of Karl Marx, which believes in sharing wealth between all people
Containerization
the transport of goods using container ships
Core region
areas within a country that are important economic hubs, with high levels of employment and technological innovation
Cycle of poverty
a set of factors that cause continuous poverty unless intervention is made
Demographic data
all data linked to population e.g. birth rate, death rate etc.
Dependency ratio
the proportion of people below (aged 0-14) and above (over 65) normal working age. The lower the number, the greater the number of people who work and are less dependent
Development indicators
measures of how a country is improving
Economic liberalisation
when a country's economy is given the freedom of a 'market economy', consumers and companies decide what people buy based on demand
Emerging countries
a country with high-to-medium human development, and recent economic growth
Emerging economies
countries that have recently industrialised and are progressing towards an increased role in the world economy
Fertility rate
average number of births per woman
Footloose
term used to describe companies that are able to locate anywhere there is high-quality communication links
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)
unrestricted flows of capital (money) from one country to another
Frank's dependency theory
theory developed by economist André Frank that describes development using two types of global region (core and periphery)
Global north
a group of wealthy countries found mainly in the Northern hemisphere
Global south
a group of less wealthy countries found mainly in the Southern hemisphere
Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
the total value of goods and services produced by a country in one year
Globalisation
increased connections between countries
High Income Countries (HICs)
countries where employment is dominated by tertiary and quaternary sectors
Human Development Index (HDI)
a standard means of measuring human development
Industrialisation
where a mainly agricultural society changes and begins to depend on manufacturing industries instead
Infant mortality
number of children per 1000 live births who die before their first birthday
Infrastructure
the basic services needed for an industrial country to operate e.g. roads, railways, power and water supplies, waste disposal, schools, hospitals, telephones and communication services
Inter-Governmental Organisations (IGOs)
governments and agencies working together
Intermediate technology
uses low-tech solutions using local materials, labour and expertise to solve problems
Irrigation
is the artificial watering of land that allows farming to take place
Knowledge economy
an economy based on specialised knowledge and skill
Level of development
means a country's wealth (measured by its GDP), and its social and political progress (e.g. its education, health care or democratic process in which everyone can vote freely
Maternal mortality
number of mothers per 100 000 who die in childbirth
Life expectancy
average number of years a person can expect to live
Low Income Countries (LICs)
countries where employment is dominated by the primary sector e.g. farming
Middle Income Countries (MICs)
countries dominated by the secondary sector (manufacturing), which often have large reserves of raw materials which has encouraged investment and growth e.g. Brazil and Chile
Multiplier effect
when people or businesses move to an area and invest money on housing and services, which in turn creates more jobs and attracts more people
Neo-colonialism
'new' colonialism
New economy
economy based on the sale of services, rather than manufactured products
Newly Industrialising Countries (NICs)
the name given to countries that have very recently started to rapidly develop, such as Hong Kong, Singapore and Malaysia (the 'Asian Tigers')
Non-governmental organisations (NGOs)
NGOs work to make life better, especially for the poor. Oxfam, the Red Cross and Greenpeace are all NGOs
Outsourcing
using people in other countries to provide services if they can do so more cheaply e.g. call centres
Population structure
the number of each sex in each age group (e.g. 10-14), usually displayed in a population pyramid diagram
Primary products
raw materials
Purchasing power parity (PPP)
shows what you can buy in each country, now used to measure GDP
Rostow's theory
theory by Walt Rostow about the economic growth of countries
Quaternary sector
employment based on highly specialised knowledge and skill
Quintile
a group of five
Recently Industrialising Countries (RICs)
countries such as China and India which have recently industrialised
Rural-urban migration
the movement of people from the countryside to the cities, normally to escape from poverty and to search for work
Secondary products
manufactured goods
Secondary sector
employment based in manufacturing
Subsistence farming
where farmers grow food to feed their families, rather than to sell
Tariff
additional cost added to the price of traded goods
Terms of trade
means the value of a country's exports relative to that of its imports
Tertiary sector
employment based on services
Top-down development
when decision-making about the development of a place is done by governments or large companies
Trans National Companies (TNCs)
those which operate across more than one country
World Trade Organisation (WTO)
a global organisation dedicated to making trade between countries easier
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