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Higher Human Biology Unit 2

Terms in this set (48)

Seminiferous tubules
Produce Sperm
Interstitial cells
Secretes Testosterone
Accessory Glands
Prostate Gland and Seminal vesicles-
They secrete semen which maintains the mobility and viability of sperm
what does the Seminal Vesicle secrete?
A fructose rich liquid (provide energy for sperm) this liquid also contains prostaglandins which stimulate contractions in the female reproductive tract (synthetically used can induce labour) Semen
What does the Prostate gland secrete?
thin lubricating liquid which contains enzymes which regulate the viscosity of semen
Oviduct
Site of fertilisation (tubey thing)
Ovaries
Where the Ova are produced (cauliflower thingy)
they contain immature ova in various stages of development
Cervix
Ring of muscles at the mouth of the Uterus
Uterus
where embryo grows and develops
Endometrium
Lining of uterus, where zygote attaches
Follicle
Secretes oestrogen and protects the beloved ovum. Found in the Ovaries
Corpus Luteum
a progesterone secreting structure that develops in an ovary after an ovum has been discharged but degenerates after a few days unless pregnancy has begun
Zygote
fertilized mature Ova
Hormones
Chemical messengers that control the onset of puberty, sperm production and menustration
Hormone control of sperm production
Onset of puberty hypothalamus secretes a releaser hormone whose target is pituitary gland which produces two hormones:

Follicle stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Interstitial Cell Stimulating Hormone (ICSH)
FSH and ICSH
Controls the action of the testes
ICSH
Stimulates Interstitial cells to release testosterone
FSH
Stimulates sperm production in the Seminiferous tubules
Testosterone
Also stimulates sperm production in the seminiferous tubules and activates the prostate gland and seminal vesicles to produce their secretions
Negative feed back of Hormonal Control
If the level of testosterone build up in the bloodstream it will reach a point where it will inhibit the release of FSH and ICSH from the pituitary gland. This in turn means the level of testosterone will decrease and the inhibitory effect will stop
FSH Female
Stimulates ovary tissue to secrete the sex hormone oestrogen and the development and maturation of each follicle
Ovarian Hormones
Oestrogen and Progesterone
Luteinising Hormone (LH)
Triggers Ovulation. It also brings about the development of Corpus Luteum from follicle. It then stimulates the Corpus Luteum to secrete sex hormone progesterone.
Oestrogen
Stimulates the proliferation (cell division) of the endometrium- repairing (after period) and preparing it for implantation. Also stimulates the secretion of LH by the pituitary gland
Progesterone
Promotes the further development of endometrium making it spongy layer, rich in blood vessels, ready for implantation.
Also inhibits LH and FSH by the pituitary gland.
thickens the mucus at the cervix
The menstrual Cycle
#Can last for 28 days, varies for each
woman.
#The first day of menstruation is regarded
as "day one" of the menstrual cycle.
#It is made up of two phases. Follicle Phase
and Luteal Phase
#ovulation day fourteen
Follicle Phase
1st 1/2 of the cycle, FSH from the pituitary gland stimulates
#The development and maturation of a follicle
#The production of oestrogen by ovarian tissue
oestrogen stimulates the repair if the
endometrium.
#It also stimulates changes in the consistency of
cervical mucus and production if LH.
#LH is produced by the pituitary gland.
#LH brings about ovulation.
#Rising levels of oestrogen inhibit FSH production-
#example of Negative Feedback
Luteal Phase
#Low levels of FSH stops the maturation of further
follicles
#After ovulation the follicle turns into Corpus
Luteum which secrets progesterone
#Progesterone cause vascularisation-further
development of the endometrium ready for
implantation
#As the progesterone levels increases it inhibits the
release of LH and from the pituitary. The lack of
LH cause the corpus luteum to degenerate
causing a decrease u progesterone levels
triggering periods. -example of negative
feedback
#The low levels of oestrogen at the end of the
cycle cause the pituitary to to increase secretion of FSH.
Fertile periods- Men
Men are continuously fertile due to the negative feedback of testosterone which keeps FSH and ICSH at a relatively constant level. Results in a fair amount of testosterone being secreted and sperm being produced
Fertile Period- Female
Women are cyclical fertile this is due to the delicate interplay of pituitary and ovarian hormones which leaves the period of fertility to 1-2 days.- immediately after ovulation
Artificial Insemination
insertion of donated sperm directly into the Uterus
In vitro fertilisation (IVF)
Medical procedure involving fertilisation of eggs by sperm in laboratory containers
Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)
Injection of sperm directly into egg during IVF
Pre-implantatin genetic disorder (PGD)
Genetic profiling of embryos prior to implantation during fertility treatments
Combination contraceptive pill
Contains synthetic progesterone and oestrogen, which inhibits secretion of FSH and LH by pituitary Gland
Mini Pill
Contains synthetic progesterone which can inhibit ovulation and causes thickening of the cervical mucus, preventing the entry of sperm
Morning after pill (emergency contraceptive pill)
contains a high does of synthetic progesterone and oestrogen, decreasing chances of ovulation and implantation and thickening of cervical mucus preventing the entry of sperm
Condom
Prevents sperm from being released inside the female can be used with spermicidal gels
Diaphragm/cervical cap
Prevents sperm entering the uterus can be used with spermicidal gels
Calender based methods
avoiding coitus for a few days before and after ovulation
Intra-uterine device
creates a hostile environment for implantation to occur
vasectomy
Male sterilisation procedure preventing release of sperm
Tuba Ligation
Female sterilisation procedure preventing release of eggs
Infertility in Men
Male sperm Blackages
Corrected by surgery
Infertility in men
Low or no sperm count, poor sperm mobility or abnormal shape
Fertility drugs boost sperm production
Other options include Artificial insemination, uterine insemination, injecting sperm directly into egg or donor insemination
Infertility in Men
Allergy- some men have and immune reaction to their own semen, which causes them o produce anti-sperm antibodies that damage sperm-common after a vasectomy
Artificial insemination IVF ICSI
Ovulatory Drug Treatment
drugs preventing negative feedback control
ovulation is stimulated by drugs that prevent the negaive feedback effect of oestrogen on the FSH secetion, which means that FSH continues to be release and eggs produce
Ovulatory drug treatment
These drugs mimic FSH and LH and so result in follicular development and ovulation
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