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PE

Terms in this set (119)

Skeletal system functions
movement, protection, support, red blood cell production and mineral storage.
long bones
phalanges, fibia
short bones
width higher than length tarsals
irregular bones
sternum and hip bones
flat bones
skull, sternum and scapula
mandible
jaw
clavicle
collarbone
ulna
pinky side
radius
thumb to elbow bone
carpals
wrist
metacarpal
palm
tibia
shin bone (longer than fibula)
fibula
leg bone
tarsals
ankle
parts of spine
cervical (7), thoracic (12), lumbar (5), sacrum (5 fused), coccyx (4 fused)
thoracic role
protect heart and lung
coccyx role
allow for muscle attachments and movement
axial skeleton
protects vital organs and provides main support
appendicular skeleton
connect to axial
immovable joints
fibrous e.g. pelvis
semi-movable joints
cartilaginous e.g ribs to sternum
movable joints
synovial e.g. tarsals
hinge joint
allows movement in one plane (flexion and extension) e.g. knee
flexion
decrease angle
extension
increase angle
ball and socket
ball of one bone inserts into the socket of another e.g. shoulder
gliding
flat bones glide across each other e.g. capals
saddle
one bone sits atop another e.g. thumb
condyloid
bones butt up against each other (without the ball and socket structure)
pivot
one bone rotated around another e.g. axis
abduction
to take away from the body
adduction
to bring to the body
rotation
when a bone moves on its own axis e.g turning head left and right
circumduction
bone makes a cone shape when it moves e.g. circling arms
hyaline cartlidge
lines the bones to reduce friction
joint capsule
surrounds the joint and prevents substances from entering/leaving the joint
synovial membrane
lines the inside of the capsule, produces and secretes synovial fluid
synovial fluid
lubricates the inside of the joint
ligaments
holds bones together
supination
palm up
pronation
palm down
plantar flexion
point toes down
dorsi flexion
raise toes
inversion
sole face inwards
eversion
sole face outwards
superior
closer to head than another part of body
inferior
closer to feet than another part of body
anterior
towards the front of the body
posterior
towards the back of the body
medial
towards the midline
lateral
away from the midline
proximal
closer to its attachment point
distal
further from its attachment point
superficial
closer to the surface
deep
more internal
palmar
palm
plantar
sole of foot
sagittal plane
divides the body into left and tight
frontal
divides the body into anterior and posterior
transverse
divides the body into superior and inferior
cervical role
support head and allow movement
lumbar role
support weight, anchor for larger muscles
sacrum role
distribute weight
epiphysis
end of bones, growth plate
diaphysis
bone middle, grows
bones are made up of
compact, spongy, and bone marrow
number of muscles in the human body
650
role of muscles
produce movement and maintain posture
muscles assist in the functions of
the heart, breathing, circulation, digestion and heat
cardiac
involuntary muscle that makes up the heart walls
smooth muscle
involuntary muscle found in the intestines and blood vessels
skeletal muscle
voluntary muscle used to perform movement and control posture
reciprocal inhibition
the idea that muscles work in pars so when one muscle contracts the other must relax
agonist
the muscle creating the movement
antagonist
muscle that relaxes
stabilisers
muscles that stabilise surrounding bones
myofibrils
make up muscle fibres
filaments
make up myofibrils
myosin
thick filaments
actin
thin filaments
sliding filament theory
the muscle relaxes and an electrical impulse arrives, calcium is released and the cross bridges bond with the actins, cross bridges bring actin towards the middle, the muscle contracts and shortens.
origin
attaches to the stable bone
insertion
attaches to a bone that is pulled by the action of the muscles
trapezius
raise and adduct scapulae
rhomboids
adduct scapulae
latissimus dorsi
shoulder adduction
erector spinae
trunk extension
pectorals
shoulder flexion
abdominals
trunk flexion
deltoid
shoulder abduction
biceps
elbow flexion
triceps
elbow extension
wrist flexors
wrist flexion
wrist extensors
wrist extension
quadriceps
hip flexion/ knee extension
hamstrings
hip extension/ knee flexion
gluteals
hip extension
gastrocnemius
plantar flexion
soleus
plantar flexion
tibialis anterior
dorsi flexion
isoinertial
action where load/resistance against the muscles is constant
concentric
muscle length decreases to overcome the weight, contraction/flexion
eccentric
muscle length increases as weight increases to control the weight, extension
isometric
force is developed but muscle length remains unchanged
isokinetic
The harder we push or pull the greater the resistance offered by the machine.
fusiform
long and thin fibers that run the ay of the tendon and contract rapidly but generate low forces (bicep)
pennate
run on angles from tendons, slower contraction but more force
unipennate
fibers on one side of the tendon, semaimembranosous
bipennate
fibers on both sides of the tendon, gastrocnemius
multipennate
fibers branch out from a number of tendons, deltoids
slow twitch fibers
endurance/aerobic
slow twitch muscles
soleus, tibialis anterior, biceps femorus
features of slow twitch fibers
use oxygen, don't fatigue easily, lots of capillaries and mitochondria, red
fast twitch fibres
strength/power/anaerobic
fast twitch muscles
triceps, biceps, rhomboids
features of fast twitch fibres
fatigue easily, high glycogen stores, contract rapidly, greater force
neural chain
neurons that are linked
motor unit
motor neuron and muscle fibre
neuromuscular junction
synapse between motor neuron and muscle fibre
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