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Urban Issues and Challenges

Terms in this set (41)

Define urbanisation
The proportion of the world's population who live in cities
Define urban growth
the increase in the area covered by cities
Map showing global urban population
How much of UK's population lives in towns and cities?
82%
Trend for urbanisation over the past 100 years
Projected changes of urbanisation between 1950 and 2050
Why do cities grow?
•Rural-urban migration - the movement of people from countryside to cities
•Natural increase - where birth rate is higher than death rate
A natural increase in population occurs when there is...
•a high population of 18-35 year old, causing high birth rate
•a low population of elderly, lowering death rate
•good healthcare
'Push' factors, which cause people to move away from rural areas
•farming is hard and poorly paid
•desertification and soil erosion make farming difficult
•poor climate reduces crop yield
•farming often at subsistence level, producing only enough food for family, nothing to sell
•poor harvests may lead to malnutrition and famine
•little healthcare
•schools provide only basic education
•isolated due to poor roads
'Pull' factors, which attract people to the city
•more well-paid jobs
•higher standard of living
•friends and family may live there
•better chance of getting education
•better public transport
•range of recreational activities
•better healthcare
What are megacities?
cities with a population of over 10 million
How many megacities were there in 2015 and expected to be in 2050?
28 megacities in 2015 and around 50 in 2050 (estimated by United Nations)
Types of megacities
•Slow-growing
•Growing
•Rapid-growing
Slow-growing megacities
Where?
Features
Examples
Growing megacities
Where?
Features
Examples
Rapid-growing megacities
Where?
Features
Examples
Map of megacities
Example of a megacity in a NEE
Mumbai, India
Mumbai today
•Largest city in India by population
•generates 6% of India's GDP
•Produces 25% of India's industrial output
•Handles 40% of foreign trade
•Ranked 6th for 'billionaire count', with 28
Mumbai regional importance
•City was originally a number of separate islands that were joined together by a land reclamation project
•Largest city in India by population
•Seen as a hub for smaller businesses
•In Dharavi, 85% of people have a job in slum and work locally
Mumbai National importance
•Generates 6% of India's GDP
•Serves as an important economic hub of India
•Seen as a hub for smaller businesses
Mumbai International importance
•Handles 40% of India's national trade
•Has the most TNC headquarters, e.g. Bank of America, GlaxoSmithKline, Volkswagen and Walt Disney
•Busiest port and airport in India
•Centre of Hindi movie industry , Bollywood, producing the largest number of films per year in the world
Causes of urban growth in Mumbai?
•Rural-urban migration, 70% of migrants were from the state of Maharashtra
•1 person per minute was migrating into Mumbai
•Economic growth, Most migrants are economic migrants
•Urban sprawl, where the city grows into the countryside
Opportunities of urban growth for Mumbai
•Social - access to services: education and health, access to resources: water supply, energy
•Economic - Creates job opportunities
•Cultural - film/theatre/museums
Social opportunities of Mumbai
•A major centre of learning and education
•city runs more than 1000 primary and secondary schools, with free education up to certain ages
•Most people have electricity and water supply
•Literacy rates are high 90%. Even in slums, the literacy rate is around 69%
•Centre of Hindi movie industry, Bollywood
•Best city transport system in India
•Easily accessible healthcare for even poorest citizens
•Water supply is cleaner and more easily accessible than rural areas
•Mosques in Dharavi cater for people's religious needs
•There is pottery area of Dharavi slum which has community centre
Economic opportunities of Mumbai
•Financial capital of India, home of the Mumbai Stock Exchange
•Centre of Hindi movie industry, Bollywood
•Important economic hub of India, contributing 40% of foreign trade
•Many TNCs are based there
•has self-employed workforce
•Has India's most specialised technical industries e.g. aerospace and optical engineering
•Has best city transport system in India
•Mumbai accounts for 6% of India's GDP and 40% of foreign trade
•In Dharavi, 85% of people have a job in slum and work locally
Example of slum inside Mumbai
Dharavi
Conditions inside Dharavi
•Go to toilet in streets and there are open sewers
•Shared water pipe, which can crack and take in sewage
•Standpipes come on at 5:30am for 2 hours
•Rubbish is everywhere
•500 people share one public toilet
Challenges of urban growth for Mumbai
•Quality of environment - air and water pollution
•Lack of housing, creating squatter settlements
•Traffic congestion
•providing clean water, sanitation systems and energy
•Unemployment and crime
Challenges of managing urban growth
•An estimated 9m people (62% of population) live in squatter settlements.
•Has second largest slum in Asia (Dharavi)
•Dharavi is home to nearly 1m people in just 2.39km²
Challenges of providing clean water, sanitation systems and energy
•Public standpipes often come on for two hours at 5:30am
•Rubbish frequently left on streets, poisonous liquids may leak and contaminate ground water supplies
•Doctors deal with 4000 cases of typhoid and diphtheria a day
Challenges of providing access to services (health and education)
•Drop out rates are high, as children must find a job to bring in money
•Dharavi has a life expectancy of 59 whilst the rest of Mumbai is 67
Challenges of reducing unemployment and crime
•Economic growth has not been fast enough to create sufficient jobs for available workforce
•Many sift rubbish in tips for valuable waste and ear around £1 per day
•Nearly one third of the population have been victims of crime, 23% of citizens have been exposed to bribery
Challenges of managing environmental issues
•Major study revealed that 77% of households suffer from poor water quality
•Mumbai produces 7500 metric tonnes of waste
•Traffic congestion is extreme in Mumbai and roads are overcrowded
Examples of urban planning schemes that will improve quality of life for the poor
•'Women Together' - self-help schemes (bottom up)
•'Vision Mumbai' - Local authority schemes (top down)
About Women Together
•Self help groups who have raised money for materials and planned new housing
•Everyone has a role e.g. digging ditches or building
Positives of Women Together
•'appropriate' solution for the low level of income
•Authorities don't have to invest into Dharavi
Negatives of Women Together
•Very small scale
•Unlikely to re-house the 1 million people living in Dharavi
About Vision Mumbai
•Demolish Dharavi's existing buildings and sell land to property developers
•Developers will have to build better homes for slum dwellers
Positives of Vision Mumbai
•1.1m low-cost but higher-quality tower blocks withwater, sanitation and healthcare
•Should cut number of Mumbai residents living in slum housing by 90%
Negatives of Vision Mumbai
•New tower blocks are at edge of Mumbai, far away from work
•Higher cost of commuting
•Small businesses that operate on street level economy will no longer exist
•Community cohesion may be lost as well
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