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STUART BRITAIN

Terms in this set (115)

date Charles I is crowned King
1625
date forced loan is levied, worth five subsidies. Although it was successful in raising money, it cased a significant amount of resentment
1626
failure of Buckingham's expedition to La Rochelle and the 5 Knights Case
1627
Petition of Right and the Assassination of Buckingham
1628
Treaty of Madrid
1630
Charles appointed King in Scotland with a very elaborate coronation, it was not designed to win the support of the Scottish elite. He announced his plan to impose religious uniformity by replacing the Scottish prayer book. Laud made archbishop of Canterbury and Laud issued the Book of Sports, allowing people to participate in traditional sports and pastimes on Sundays. The puritans of the parish of St Gregory's in London unsuccessfully tried to use the courts to oppose Charles' policy of railing off the altar
1633
ship money levied on the whole country
1635
outbreak of the Scottish rebellion (widespread opposition) because Charles decides to impose the Laudian prayer book on Presbyterian Scotland, the Scots sign the National Covenant, swearing to resist all change to the Scottish Kirk. the rebellion seriously weaken Charles' authority over church and state. Hampden's case where public opinion became alarmed at the fact judges confirmed that the king could raise taxation without parliamentary approval. the trial of Prynne, Bastwick and Burton who smuggled anti-arminian tracts from abroad and published attacks on bishops, they were sentenced to have their ears mutilated and imprisoned for life, opponents believed the harsh sentences were out of proportion to their offences
1637
First Bishop's war
1639
parliament is recalled, called the Short Parliament because it only lasted 3 weeks before Charles dissolved it because he refused the MP's demands of removing Laudianism and the end of the practise of feudal dues. Long parliament met in November, Root and Branch petition
1640
Irish rebellion and the Grand Remonstrance, Bill of Attainder and the Militia Bill
1641
attempted arrest of 5 leading MP's, accusing them of seeking to subvert the laws and government of England and encouraging the Scots to invade England, this was the final straw for parliamentary opposition and highlighted how the King could no longer be trusted and he was determined to return authority by force, Charles I leaves London feeling intimidated by the growing demonstrations and unrest in the city, the Nineteen Propositions and the outbreak of civil war in England as Charles raised his standard in Nottingham, women were able to contribute to the war effort
1642
creation of the New Model Army under the command of a professional soldier, Sir Thomas Fairfax and Cromwell given command of the cavalry and under the Self-Denying ordinance, all members of parliament agreed to resign their military commands and were replaced by generals with proven military ability. Royalist forces became completely overwhelmed
1645
defeat of Charles and royalists in the first civil war, Newcastle propositions sent by parliament to the King which said the office of bishop in the Anglican church was to abolished, strict anti-catholic laws were to be enforced and parliament was to take control of the armed forces for 20 years
1646
Scots hand Charles I over to parliament, politicisation of the New Model Army because the political Presbyterians considered disbanding the New Model Army without pay, Heads of Proposals sent to Charles which was more moderate than the Newcastle Propositions, suggesting the army wanted a lasting and stable settlement, parliament should meet every 2 years and Anglican bishops were to remain AND Charles signed a secret agreement with the Scots promising to impose Presbyterianism in England for 3 years in exchange for a Scottish army. Putney Debates
1647
parliament breaks off negotiations with Charles, outbreak of the second civil war, it was short but fiercely contested, afterwards the army leadership published the Remonstrance, declaring that the King was guilty of high treason for starting the 2nd civil war and should be put on trial and Pride's Purge, troops arrested 45 MP's and excluded 186 who voted for continued negotiations
1648
Charles I tried and executed, the Rump Parliament, abolishment of the monarchy and the House of Lords, Cromwell landed in Ireland to prevent a possible Irish invasion. 10,000 women presented a petition to parliament, pressing to release John Lilburne
1649
Navigation Act was passed by the Rump parliament to weaken the influence of Dutch merchants on English trade. All goods coming into England had to be carried by English ships or the ships of the exporting country and all trade from England's overseas possessions had to use only English ships.
1651
Cromwell expels the Rump, and replaces it with the Nominated Assembly who wanted to establish godly rule, it lost the support of the political classes with its radial proposals, including the abolishment of the tithe and Cromwell made Lord Protector
1653
Cromwell dies and was succeeded by his son Richard, who had little political experience and no strong links to the New Model Army. the fear of quakerism increases as political order increases, under the influence of their chief patrons New Model Army, General Lambert. Restoration of the monarchy was seen as a way of reimposing order and removing the threat of military dictatorship under Lambert, based on Quaker support
1658
Richard Cromwell removed from office
1659
General George Monck, the commander of the army in Scotland marched to London and was presented with many petitions calling for the restoration of the monarchy. the new Convention parliament met and resolved to restore the King, Lords and Commons. Charles II issues the Declaration of Breda, restoration, he reimposed the order on women of pre-war times.Louis XVI and the power of France was gradually increasing and Charles formed an alliance with France against the protestant Dutch
1660
Quaker Act meant Quakers had to take an oath of allegiance to the King, their religion prevented from doing this, there were severe financial penalties and 400 died whilst imprisoned. the Act of Uniformity required all clergymen to accept Anglican doctrines and rituals, making the book of common prayer compulsory in all churches and many Parish priests were driven from their livings
1662
Removal of Clarendon who dominated political life in the early 1660's, but gave little attention to managing parliament on the kings behalf. he was held responsible for England's humiliating defeat in the second dutch war 1665-67 and Charles directed all of parliaments anger onto him, he fled to France. the removal of Clarendon lead to the new Cabal
1667
secret treaty of Dover between Charles II and Louis XIV, Charles agreed to join with France against any future wars with the Dutch. MP's were worried with Charles' relationship with the absolutist and catholic Louis and most sympathised with the Protestant Dutch. in the secret clause Charles agreed to convert to catholicism when he felt the time was right
1670
the third anglo dutch war, effective propaganda by William of orange made the war very unpopular with parliament, Declaration of Indulgence granted a substantial measure of religious freedom to catholics and dissenters. Charles II is forced to issue the Stop of the Exchequer
1672
Charles II withdrew the declaration of indulgence and the Test Act required all office holders to declare their opposition to Catholic religious doctrines, this meant the kings brother, the Duke of York, was excluded from high office (James) and the fall of the Cabel and the emergence of Thomas Osbourne, Earl of Danby as Charles II's new chief minister
1673
William of Orange marries James' daughter, Mary
1677
Popish Plot claimed Catholic nobles were planning to murder the King and place the Duke of York upon the throne and restore catholicism in England and the Exclusion Crisis
1678
death of Charles II and James II becomes King, he was in a strong position because he supported the tories and the Anglican church which made up most of the political elite, when he called parliament, it was mainly tories and he was granted substantial financial backing
1685
James II issued a 2nd Declaration of Indulgence and ordered it to be read in all churches, 7 anglican bishops refused to read the Declaration of Indulgence and were put on trial, charged with sedition (conduct inciting people to rebel against the monarch,) all were acquitted amounts public celebration. the birth of a son by Mary and James threatened the permanent establishment of catholics, James flees London and William enters London
1688
7 leading politicians, including whigs and tories invited William and Mary to intervene to protect, they were offered the crown, the Toleration Act
1689
Bank of England founded and the Triennial Act
1694
Act of Settlement
1701
seen as a form of protestantism that was a reaction to Puritanism and a desire for further reformation. Seen as the protestants closest to catholicism because of their emphasis on ceremony and outward forms of religion
arminianism
branch of the Christian church, headed by the pope
catholicism
.. ........ ........ was were they refused to pay the forced loan and were imprisoned and refused bail. for many, it was a clear indication of Charles' absolutist intentions, he was not only taxing without consent but also imprisoning as he wished
5 knights case
....... ..... ........... in 1628 was when Charles recalled parliament in order to gain more taxation to fund wars, parliament said no money would be granted unless Charles addressed their grievances. Included no taxation without the consent of parliament, no imprisonment without cause, no billeting of soldiers upon households against their will or no martial law to punish ordinary offences
petition of right
the ...... .................. was marched in 1629 and was passed in response to Charles' inadequate response to the petition of right, meaning it didn't have lawful status. the ... ........ denounced Arminianism and encouraged merchants to refuse to pay tonnage and poundage
three resolutions
The Three Resolutions, peace with France and the dissolution of parliament
1629
ship money was worth ............. annually, at a time when a parliamentary subsidy was worth £70,000 making it even less likely Charles would have to recall parliament to secure future funds
£200,000
they key measures of Laudianism, focused on the '......... .. ...............' through the wearing of vestments and the use of candles, music and altar clothes
beauty of holiness
.......... were radical protestants who saw themselves as 'godly.' They sought a further reformation of the English church to remove the traces of catholicism that remained after the reformation. Puritan opposition, though strong in London, was often not openly expressed because many were conservative in nature and the gentry knew they had much to loose from opposing the King
puritans
the ........ and ........... petition in 1640, was from 15,000 London Puritans and led by John Pym, they called for the removal of bishops from churches. Conservatives viewed this as a threat to established order
Root and Branch
.... .... ........... passed in 1641, used by Pym to justify the execution of Charles' principal minister, Wenthworth (Earl of Strafford.) the bill means less evidence is needed to convict because they are regarded as a threat to the state. Conservatives worried that using such a device was bending the law in a way that was as much a threat to the constitution as Charles' actions
Bill of Attainder
..... ....... was passed in November 1641, in response to the Irish rebellion that began in October. it proposed that parliament should control any army that was used to crush the rebellion. Conservatives viewed this as a direct threat to the kings most important royal prerogative, command of the armed forces
Militia Bill
............ ........ was also passed in November 1641 by Pym to persuade wavering MP's to pass the Militia Bill. It listed all of Charles' faults since 1625 and therefore reasons why he couldn't be trusted with the armed forces. The moderates saw little point in dragging up old grievances which had been resolved by legislation already passed, also disliked the fact it wasn't addressed to the King, making it more of a plea to the people
Grand Remonstrance
the ................ ................ were passed by parliament in 1642, it demanded the lords and commons should approve all privy councillors, the militia should be placed under parliamentary control, laws against dissenters enforced, there should be sweeping reform of the church and parliament should supervise the upbringing and marriage of Charles' children. the severity of the propositions suggested that parliament wasn't seriously intending on negotiating with the King and attempts of compromise had broken down
Nineteen Propositions
..... ............ .......... .... ............... was signed by the Scots in 1643, promising parliament help from the Scottish army
the solemn league and covenant
a ........ were those who supported a church with a government of equal elders, often appointed by the congregation, rather than other systems such as episcopacy (bishops)
presbyterian
the ................ .. ................. was published in 1653, it was a written constitution aiming to give the republic long term stability, government was to be carried out by a council of state, a parliament was to be elected every 3 years and Cromwell was protector. it also granted liberty of worship to all except Catholics and the more extreme Protestant sects
Instrument of Government
the political class was no more than ..... of the population. Land ownership gave them social and political power, through their ownership of 70% of land, they were able to control the country
5%
Cromwell becomes commander-in-cheif of the New Model Army and a Toleration Act ended the requirement of compulsory attendance at the national church's services
1650
the First Protectorate parliament, 100 members refused to accept the Instrument of Government and withdrew from parliament. attempts were made to reduce the size of the army and powerful attacks were mounted against the principle of religious liability, frustrated Cromwell at the fact there was no harmony he had hoped for, dissolved the assembly in 1655. Cromwell launches an attack on Spain's Caribbean colonies and England therefore secures control of Jamaica
1654
rule of the 11 Major generals who were appointed to rule different areas of the country, Cromwell's main intention was that they would carry out national reform of morals and behaviour, eg. suppressing brothels and taverns and to punish adultery, blasphemy and drunkenness. the rule of the major generals highlighted the fundamental tensions between reform and stability which characterised the entire period of republican rule
1655
the second protectorate parliament, once again 100 MP's were excluded
1656
the ........... ............ ... ............... offered the protector (Cromwell) the crown of England. Strong opposition from the army and religious radicals persuaded Cromwell to refuse the offer. He accepted the position of Lord Protector for life, with the power to choose his successor
Humble Petition and Advice
the ................. .... .............. in 1660 was presented by Charles II, it promised to listen to the advice of parliament, an indemnity (The Act of Indemnity and Oblivion) except for those who voted for the execution of Charles I, toleration for religious beliefs, disputes over land would be decided by parliament (land confiscated during the Republic period was to be restored) and payment of the army's wages, the peaceful disbanding of the New Model Army and restoration of the Anglican church, along with bishops (suggesting he favoured religious toleration)
Declaration of Breda
'............ ... .............. ........................' was what Charles II called toleration of peaceful religious belief under the Declaration of Breda
liberty to tender consciousness
the Savoy House Conference. cavalier parliament was elected which was ultra-royalist and although Charles had promised religious toleration, they were determined to restore the Anglican church and persecute non-conformists and opposed the toleration offered at Breda. Instead they imposed, what became known as the Clarendon Code - The Corporation Act was passed, allowing only Anglicans to hold office in local corporations, severely weakened Puritans as many corporations were Puritan strongholds
1661
the conventicle act forbade dissenting assemblies of more than 5 people unless they received a licence, the initial punishment, on the 3rd occasion could result in deportation
1664
Charles II received a generous settlement of ..... .......... a year and a new hearth tax , a tax on every fireplace and stove in the kingdom. although he was in a better position than early stuart monarchs, it wasn't enough to make him independent
£1.2 million
due to the Popish Plot and the Exclusion Crisis, Charles II dissolved the Cavalier Parliament. 2 'exclusion' parliaments met in London between 1679 and 1681, each proposing a bill to exclude the Duke of York from succession, generated widespread sedate but Charles Ii dissolved each parliament after just a few months. a 3rd exclusion parliament met in Oxford, a royalist stronghold, by then Charles had received a large financial subsidy from Louis XIV, allowing him greater independence and he was able to dissolve parliament
1679
the ............ supported the exclusion. they claimed that toleration of catholics would cause a drift to royalist absolutism, of the French Model. They championed popular sovereignty and the defence of England's religion and its traditional liberties. Shaftsbury was the leader and fled to France after being accused of treason and local government charters were revised in order to remove whigs from office
whigs
the .......... were MP's who were strong believes in the power of the monarchy, the hereditary succession and respect for authority. they attacked the whigs as closest republicans, whose beliefs could destabilise the country and possibly lead to the renewal of civil war
tories
the Rye House plot was a conspiracy by Cromwellian officers to murder the king, the plot failed but it allowed Charles to seize the opportunity to arrest leading whigs and further weaken his opponents
1683
Charles II defied the Triennial Act by failing to summon parliament
1684
under James II, over ........ protestants were replaced with catholics as JP's and he appointed catholics to a number of offices
200
James II published the Declaration of Indulgence, suspending laws against catholics and dissenters, many Anglicans saw it as a threat to the Church and refused to implement it
1687
the church court through which non-conformists could be persecuted for non-compliance with Laudianism in the 1630's, punishments includes fines or imprisonment
court of high commission
parliament introduced a series of measures to reform the church of england, the office of bishop was abolished in favour of a presbyterian form of gov, meaning church rule was carried out by organisations of local elders. The Book of Common Prayer was banned, replaced with the Directory of Worship, Arminian features of churches like stained glass windows removed, traditional christian festivals eg. Christmas were removed
1743
Charles II chief minister, they worked together to broaden the church of england to accommodate more moderate protestant groups that had emerged during and after the civil war
Clarendon
The Five Mile Act established that clergymen who had been expelled from their parishes for refusing to conform to the Act of Uniformity could not go within 4 miles of their former parish. 2000 clergymen were deprived of their livings for refusing to conform to the Act of Uniformity
1665
in 1638, ....... ......... was whipped through the streets of London for distributing anti-Laudian pamphlets, it was only the most committed Puritans who were prepared to openly oppose Laudianism
John Lilburne
........... Puritans emigrated from England during the 1630's, around 20,000 settled in the American colony of Massachusetts
80,000
in 1638, ................ Scots signed the National Covenant in protest against Charles' actions of imposing the Laudian prayer book, Charles was determined to crush the movement but this escalated anger to become the Bishop's war
300,000
believed in adult, rather than infant baptism. They separated from the church of England and preached that only those 'born again' through adult baptism would attain salvation
baptists
included a number of radical writers. they were not an organised group but they rejected all forms of organised religion, and even rejected the concept of sin
ranters
believed that jesus would soon return t earth and reign for 1000 years
millenarians
were radical millenarians, who by 1650 had formed into a political grouping under the Major General Thomas Harrison
fifth monarchists
......... was the most significant form of religious radicalism that developed in the 1650's. by the late 1650's the movement had grown to 50,000 members. before 1660, the movement was willing to take direct political action, including a willingness to use violence to achieve their aims. the development of Quakerism was linked to the New Model Army. they questioned the norms of society and women were able to play a significant role
quakerism
the Conventicle Act ran out in ....... allowing non-conformists to meet freely, suggesting Charles II always wanted to achieve a more comprehensive church
1668
catholics made up between .. and ....% of the population
2 and 5%
During the 1650's, the ..... ..... ......... used catholic troops to carry out massacres on protestants within his state. Cromwell made sure that these acts of butchery were widely reported in newspapers and pamphlets
Duke of Savoy
Charles' II catholic wife, ........... ......... .............. came to England with 30 catholic priests and helped to re-establish catholic influence in court
Catherine of Braganza
population in 1625 was 4.1 million, in 1656 it was 5.3 million and in 1688 it was ........ it declined because of the large numbers of deaths during the civil war, the Great Plague of 1665, which caused up to 100,000 deaths in London alone and many dissenters emigrated
4.8 million
in 1625, 5.8% of the population lived in towns however urban and industrial development meant that by the end of the century it was .....
13.3%
in 1625, the population of London was 200,000 by 1688 it was ......... and had become the biggest city in Europe, it grew because of its geographical position for trade, migration and poverty in the countryside. It was larger than the next 50 towns put together
500,000
population increase resulted in inflation as the population put pressure on resources, prices increased by ...... but waged only rose by 300%, resulting in an increase in poverty
800%
economic term for the increase in prices over a period of time
inflation
Elizabethan poor laws established a basic system for those unable to work. the growth in poverty was reflected in the rise in the rise of the poor rate, from £250,000 per year in 1650 to £700,000 per year by the end of the century
1601
to support the poor, the government attempted to regulate the trade in grain, therefore ensuring there was enough grain available at a low price to prevent starvation. in response to the poor harvests of 1629 and 1630, Charles I issued new ........ ...... .......... they were instructions to JP's about how they should carry out local government duties, included advice on how to levy the poor rate and what actions to take when dealing with the poor. also encourage young people to take up apprenticeships
book of orders
as a result of the growing population, there was significant amounts of underemployment and because most people worked in agriculture, this was only seasonal work. this caused an increase in ......... who were homeless beggars who toured the country, they were seen as a source of crime and instability and were often punished and transported to American colonies
vagrancy
in 1633, the english nobility numbered only .... the power of the nobility was based on their major landholdings, they benefited from the long period of inflation because their influence was linked to food prices and rent rates. by 1688, there power was extending to encompass trade, finance, rent and manufacturing however between 1625-1688, there was a gradual decrease in their power because they were being challenge by the new commercial and merchant class, most of the nobility sided with the King in the civil war, meaning during the republican much of their land and money was confiscated, the house of lords was also abolished in 1649
122
the ...... were a significant group within the political elite, most were substantial landowners but there were also newer groups such as lawyers and merchants whose wealth was based on non-landed income. many professionals (doctors, clergy, musicians, architects) acquired wealth to purchase land for their families to become landed ........... they became the largest social group to attend university and the Inns of Court. As their social standing enhanced, so did their political confidence, which was reflected in the fact a number of leading parliamentarians, such as Hampden, Pym and Cromwell were all from the gentry
gentry
in 1688, the ... most populous towns remained the same as in 1625. Most of these towns were close to the sea or navigable rivers, which allowed for the easy movement of goods. urban development was concentrated in existing market towns
20
a male dominated society with the monarch as the father, this was justified by the bible due to the original sin of Eve, women were deemed as weak and open to temptation. medical theories explained women were inferior because their brains were different, intellectually inferior and incapable of being educated. there was no significant change in the status of women in the era although women who were at the top of society were in a better position than the majority of society e.g. wives of landowners acted as estate managers
patriarchal
a crowd of women petitioned parliament for peace and food
1643
the ....... were predominately a London based pressure group that sought political, economic and social reform, they developed as a result of economic distress caused by the civil war. they attacked kingly authority and kingship (offer of the crown to cromwell,) they wanted a government dominated by a representative of the people. their leading figure was John Lilburne
levellers
the levellers produced the ............ ... ..... .......... at the Putney Debates in 1647, which was their written constitution to the New Model Army, the argument was there was nothing written in the bible to the justify the fact that the poor were excluded from politics, they believed the house of commons should be the central body, house of lords abolished, the new system should be based on universal male suffrage, a new constitution and people should be equal before the law and have religious freedom. in 1649, the leaders were arrested and also the Rump still needed to pay the army, this prevented unrest among troops and limited Leveller influence
Agreement of the People
the ............. were a reaction to the political upheavals of 1647 to 1649, they grew in importance after the execution of Charles I, they established a community outside of London as a proposed solution to social inequalities. their ideas offered a fundamental challenge to the nature of politics and society at the time, however their influence was limited, they called themselves the 'true levellers' because they believed in total social and political equality. their ultimate failure was due to hostility of those who owned the land around their community
diggers
Thomas Hobbes wrote ............ he questioned the divine right of kings, arguing people had the right to rule based on a social contract and therefor power was granted by the people and therefore monarchs could be removed if they broke this contract
Leviathan
John Locke produced the ... ............. ... ................. is supported the argument for exclusion, although it was written before the GR it was only published after and was seen as a justification of actions taken. he also believed in a social contract between the monarch and the people to prevent absolutism, equality of man, popular sovereignty and the right of resistance
Two Treatises of Government
...... ....... argued that 'knowledge is power' and that scientific knowledge should be based on observation, all previous conceptions should be ignored eg. religious beliefs. his lasting legacy was his approach to experimental method
Francis Bacon
scientific enquiry based on evidence, Bacon is seen to be the father of this.
empiricism
textiles/the cloth trade employed approx. ........... workers
200,000
the .... .......... were introduced in the 1560's by Dutch immigrants, they were lighter than the old wool-based materials and revived the English textile market
new draperies
the ........ ... .......... was revoked by Louis XIV in 1685, this signalled he would start to persecute French protestants, this caused a number to migrate. these skilled workers helped to develop lighter fabrics, including silk, which was blended with English wool. the introduction of the Dutch loom allowed the production of more delicate items, precisely at the time when italian and french fashions were becoming more intricate.
Edict of Nantes
the development of credit came from ....... .... ........... with interest charged depending on the time of repayment, overtime this developed into a banking system
Bills of Exchange
during the 17th century, ............ people emigrated to North America
300,000
tobacco exports grew at a rapid rate from 20,000 pounds in 1625 to .. ........... ...... by 1688
20 million pounds
before 1640, the East India Company handled trade worth £100,000 per year. By 1700, it was handling more than ..............
£700,000
the east india company had its royal charter revoked due to concern t the royalist leaning of the governors, and a rival group of merchants was allowed to take over the companies possessions. in 1660, Charles enabled it to regain its charter.
1657
When Charles II married Catherine of Braganza, the dowry included the islands of ..........., which the king rented to the company for £10 a year
Bombay
by the 1680's, 50,000 slaves a year were being transported to the Caribbean and North America from Africa
50,000
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