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BIOLOGY STUDY GUIDE: MITOSIS AND PHOTOSYNTHESIS

Terms in this set (94)

Zygote
A FERTILIZED EGG CELL
kinetochore fibers
fibers that extend from the kinetochore of each chromatid to one of the centrosomes
binary fission
The division of a prokaryotic cell into two offspring cells
Telophase
During this phase of mitosis, the nuclear membrane forms in each cell.
Mitosis
The separation of the nuclear material and division of the cell.
Helicase
The enzyme responsible for unzipping the Parent DNA during DNA Replication
Meristems
Regions of growth where mitosis occurs in plants
Centrioles
A pair of small, cylindrical bodies found in centrosomes of animal cells
Telophase
During this phase of mitosis, the nuclear membrane forms in each cell.
Metaphase
During this phase of mitosis, the chromosomes are moved to the center of the dividing cell.
spindle fibers
Made of microtubules that radiate from centrosomes in preparation for mitosis
somatic cells
Any cell in the body of animals except sperm and egg cells where mitosis takes place
Prophase
The phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes are condensed.
DNA replication
The process of copying DNA before a cell can divide
cleavage furrow
The area of the cell membrane that pinches in and eventually separates the cell into two cells
Cell cycle
repeating set of events that make up the life of a cell
cell plate
Formed by the Golgi apparatus that forms a membrane bound cell wall
Interphase
the time between cell divisions
Cytokinesis
The division of the cytoplasm
Anaphase
The phase of mitosis in which the chromatids of each chromosome separate.
semi-conservative replication
The process resulting in a DNA molecule that is made up of one parent strand and one daughter strand DNA.
S phase
The cell's DNA is copied during this phase of Interphase
G2 phase
During this phase of Interphase, there is rapid cell growth and protein synthesis. This cell is also preparing for mitosis
Mitosis
Ten percent of the time, the cell is in this phase of the cell cycle
Cytokinesis
During this phase of the cell cycle, the cytoplasm divides and the two cells separate
G1 phase
During this phase of interphase, the cell increases in size and makes MRNA and proteins
Interphase
Ninety percent of the time the cell is in this phase
G0 phase
During this phase, cells exit the cell cycle and do not prepare for cell division
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4 stages of DNA Replication
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Draw and label the 4 stages of Mitosis in order
Photosynthesis
The process of converting energy from the sun into chemical energy
Oxygen
This is released as a byproduct of photosynthesis
Light-independent phase reactions
They utilize the energy stored in NADPH and ATP
thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts
Site of light dependent phase reactions
Photolysis
The process of breaking down a molecule by using energy from the sun
ATP
The universal carrier that transports energy used within the cell for metabolic processes
Because it reflects green light
Why do we perceive chlorophyll as being green?
Calvin cycle
Example of light dependent reaction
primary electron acceptor
When electrons in Photosystem II become so excited, they escape to a nearby __________________.
water
ATP converts to ADP by adding ______________
Chemiosmosis
The process of making ATP through ATP Synthase
NADP reductase
The enzyme ________________ transfers electrons to NADP from NADPH
The Calvin Cycle
The second set of reactions in Photosynthesis, which produces glucose is known as ______________________.
Chlorophyll b
This pigment absorbs more blue light and less red light.
light dependent phase reaction
NADPH and oxygen are produced during the _____________________________ of Photosynthesis
carbon fixation
When carbon atoms from CO2 are bounded or fixed into organic compounds
Rubisco
This enzyme combines CO2 with the molecule RuBP.
Wavelengths
Light travels as waves of energy and measured in ____________________.
Melvin Calvin (1911-1997)
The American scientist who discovered the Calvin Cycle
reduction reaction
A chemical reaction in which a substance gains an electron
6CO2 + 6H2O -> C6H12O6 + 6O2
Chemical reaction for photosynthesis (balanced equation)
Carbon dioxide + water —> (solar energy) glucose + oxygen
Word equation for photosynthesis
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Three steps of the Calvin cycle
Adenine (purine base), Three phosphate group, Pentose sugar (ribose)
Three components of ATP
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ATP DRAWING
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Explain how the concentration gradient affects the process of ATP synthesis
Active transport, mitosis, cell signaling, cell movement
5 metabolic processes that require ATP...
Glucose
An important "precursor" molecule used to produce a wide range of other molecules
Isotope
An element, such as Carbon, that shows how glucose is incorporated into other molecules is an example of _________________.
Mitochondria
The main site for cellular respiration in a eukaryotic cell
Glycolysis
The universal pathway and the first step of cellular respiration
38 ATP
The number of ATP molecules produced during aerobic respiration
Glycolysis
Step of cellular respiration that does not occur in mitochondria
Electron transport chain
Biochemical pathway that produces the most ATP
Fructose
Plants can convert glucose into sucrose by adding this.
Building macromolecules, Storage, ATP Production
Three main fates of glucose
cellular respiration
The complex process in which cells make ATP by breaking down glucose
C13
This carbon was used for isotope experiments with animals
75%
In isotope experiments with animals, about ________ percent of glucose consumed by animals was incorporated into fats, proteins, and glycogen
Catabolic
Cellular respiration is a(n) ________________, energy yielding pathway
aerobic pathway
Oxygen is present in the cell
To keep glycolysis operating
The purpose of producing NAD+ during fermentation
two hydrogen atoms
This combines with pyruvic acid to create lactic acid.
CO2
Byproduct of alcoholic fermentation
oxaloacetic acid
In step 5 of the Krebs cycle, the new 4-carbon compound is converted into ________________________.
FADH2 and NADH
In the Electron Transport Chain, molecules _________________ supply electrons and protons.
2 phosphate groups
In Step 1 of glycolysis, this is added to form a 6-carbon compound
electron transport chain
Series of molecules of carrier proteins that uses energy from the electrons to pump hydrogens across the membrane.
Link reaction
This reaction produces acetyl coenzyme a
alcoholic fermentation
The process by which pyruvic acid is converted to ethyl alcohol
Glycolysis
The biochemical pathway that splits glucose into molecules of pyruvic acid
oxidative phosphorylation
The metabolic pathway in which cells use enzymes to oxidize nutrients, thereby releasing energy to produce ATP.
Krebs cycle
a biochemical pathway that breaks down Acetyl Coenzyme A
acetyl coenzyme A
This product is used to feed into the Krebs Cycle
citric acid cycle
Another name for the Krebs Cycle
fermentation (anaerobic respiration)
A biochemical pathway that occurs when oxygen is absent
Oxygen (O2)
The final electron acceptor in the Electron Transport Chain
electron transport chain
A series of molecules of carrier proteins that uses energy from electrons to pump hydrogen atoms across the membrane
mitochondrial cristae
Location of ETC
34 ATP, 2 H2O, H+ atoms, NAD, and FAD
Products of ETC
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Study the DEFINITION, LOCATION, PRODUCTS, AND ATEPS OF ALL FIVE SYSTEMS OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION
C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
Balanced equation for cellular respiration
glucose + oxygen --> carbon dioxide + water + energy
Word equation for cellular respiration
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Study the process of alcoholic and lactic acid fermentation
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