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movement in humans

Terms in this set (21)

bones
-hard, tough connective tissue with living cells and minerals (ie calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate)
-blood vessels--> carries oxygen and nutrients to and remove carbon dioxide and waste from bone cells
-bone marrow in the cavities of bone--> produce blood cells
cartilage
-living cells with fewer minerals at the ends of bones--> elastic and flexible
-prevents damage to surfaces of bone by friction during movement
-shock absorber
-maintain shape and support
axial skeleton
skull, vertebral column, rib cage--> support and protect internal organs
appendicular skeleton
limb bones, girdles (pelvic girdle and pectoral girdle)--> movement
skull
-immovable joint between upper jaw and cranium
-movable joint between lower jaw and cranium
-encloses and protects brain
-protects eye, middle and inner ears
vertebral column
-33 movable vertebrae--> linked by ligaments to form a column and allow attachment of muscles--> allow body to bend and twist and maintain upright posture
-intervertebral disc--> compressible cartilage--> reduce friction and absorb shock during movement
-support body weight
-protect and house spinal cord
rib cage
-12 pairs of ribs with intercostal muscles--> allow to move during breathing
-sternum
-vertebral column
-encloses and protects heart and lungs
upper limb
-from joints at shoulder, elbow and wrist
lower limb
-form joints at hip, knee and ankle--> complex movement
pectoral girdle
-arms attached axial skeleton--> shoulders
pelvic girdle
-legs attached axial skeleton--> hips
-protects reproductive and urinary bladder
functions of skeleton
-support anad maintain body shape
-movement
-protect internal organs
-produce blood cells by bone marrow
-storage of minerals and fat
structure of synovial joint (movable joint)
tendon: tough and inelastic--> attaches muscles to bones--> transmit pulling force from a contracting muscle to bone

ligament: binds bones together--> prevents dislocation of bones during movement
hinge joint (movable joint)
one plane e.g. elbow and knee joint
ball-and-socket joint (movable joint)
many planes e.g. shoulder and hips joint
structure of skeletal muscle (voluntary muscle)
1. contraction of muscle provides pulling force
2. force transmitted to bone of xxx via inelastic tendons
3. movement across xxx joint
transmission of nerve impulses across a neuromuscular junction
1. nerve impulse arrives at the terminal end of the axon of a motor neurone
2. terminal end of the axon stimulated to release neurotransmitters
3. neurotransmitters diffuse across gap into neuromuscular junction
4. bind to receptor sites on the membrane of muscle fibres to generate a electrical impulse
4. electrical impulse spreads over the muscle fibre--> contraction by ATP from mitochondria and glycogen store
action of opposing muscles/ antagonistic muscles pair
flexor: muscle bends the joint by its contraction
extensor: muscle straightens the joint by its contraction
lever system in human
structural features of backbone allow it to bend
The backbone is made up of many vertebrae / small bones )which are articulated by joints )
any

here are compressable cartilage discs between the vertebrae

maintain the flexibility of joints
how vertebrae maintain upright position
-vertebrae are linked together by ligaments to form a column

-and they allow the attachment of muscles for maintaining the posture
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