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BIO CHAPTER 8

Terms in this set (82)

to ensure the supply of useful substances to target cells and removal of waste from the body
fuction of the transport system
circulatory system and lymphatic system
what does the human transport system include
biconcave disc shape
• to provide a large surface area to volume ratio to facilitate to oxygen diffusion
shape of red blood cells and its function
red dye to the pigment of haemoglobin
colour of red blood cells and why
no nucleus when mature
• to hold more haemoglobin
nucleus of red blood cells and its function
in bone marrow of bones like limb bones, ribs and vertebrate
site of production of red blood cell
in the liver and spleen
• haemoglobin is broken down into iron and bile pigment
site or method of decryption of red blood cells
contain haemoglobin to carry oxygen
function of red blood cells
phagocyte and lymphocyte
two major types of white blood cells
irregular shape
• can squeeze through capillary wall
shape of white blood cells
colourless
colour of white blood cells
large round or lobed
nucleus of white blood cells
in bone marrow and spleen

mature in lymph nodes
site of production of white blood cells
some are killed by germs or passed out of the body in faeces
site or method of destruction of white blood cells
kill pathogens
function of white blood cells
very small pieces of cell fragments
what are blood platelets
irregular shape
shape of blood platelets
colourless
colour of blood platelets
no nucleus
nucleus of blood platelets
in bone marrow
site of production of blood platelets
in the liver and spleen
site or method of destruction of blood platelets
cause blood clotting
function of blood platelets
red blood cells have a lifespan of about 120 while white blood cells and blood platelet have a much shorter life span
compare the life span of red blood cells & white blood cells and blood platelets
arteries, veins, capillaries
types of blood vessels
1) thick wall
• can withstand the high blood pressure created by the pumping action of the heart

2) the smooth muscle of the artery wall can contract and relax
• to regulate the blood flow to different parts of the body

3) the elastic fibres can recoil when the heart relaxes
• helps keep the blood pressure high to maintain a continuous blood flow
• when heart contracts - blood is forced is forced into the artery and the blood pressure stretches the artery (distends)
• when heart relaxes - artery recoils to push blood forward
features and adaptations of arteries
withstand the high blood pressure created by the pumping action of the heart
adaptation of the artery having a thick wall
it can contract and relax to regulate the blood flow to different parts of the body
adaptation of the smooth muscles of the artery wall
they can recoil when the heart relaxes

when the heart contracts
• blood is forced into the artery
• the blood pressure stretched out the artery (the artery distends)

when the heart relaxes
• recoil of the artery pushes blood forward
adaptation of the elastic fibres of the artery
1) large lumen
• reduces the resistance to blood flow

2) have valves
• prevents the back flow of blood to ensure that blood only flows in one direction
features and adaptation of veins
reduces the resistance to blood flow
adaptation of large lumen in veins
prevent the back flow of blood to ensure that blood only flows in one direction
adaptation of valves in veins
1) highly branched
• to increase the total surface area for exchange of substances

2) one cell thick capillary wall
• to provide a short diffusion distance for rapid exchange of materials

3) large total cross-sectional area
• reduces the rate of blood flow in the capillaries, allowing more time for the exchange of materials
features and adaptations of capillaries
away form the heart
direction of blood flow of artery
deep inside the body
location of artery
thicker, with more elastic tissue and muscles
describe the walls of the artery compared to veins
smaller
describe the lumen of capillary compared to veins
not present
except
• the base of the pulmonary artery
• aorta
presence of valves in artery
oxygenated blood
except
• pulmonary artery
• umbilical artery
nature of blood in artery
provided by the pumping action of the heart
driving fore for blood flow of artery
higher
• due to the pumping action of the heart
blood pressure of arteries compared to veins
towards the heart
direction of blood flow of veins
closer to the body surface
location of veins
thinner, with less elastic tissues and muscles
describe the walls of veins compared to arteries
present to prevent the back flow of blood
valves in veins
deoxygenated blood
except
• pulmonary veins
• umbilical vein
nature of blood in veins
provided by the contraction of the skeletal muscles that squeeze the vein
driving force for blood flow of veins
lower
• the pressure drops after blood passing through the capillaries
blood pressure of veins compared to arteries
1) high
• due to the pumping action of the heart

2) changes periodically
• as the heart contracts and relaxes
blood pressure in arteries and arterioles
1) drops significantly
• because the small diameter of the capillaries results in a high resistance to blood flow
blood pressure in capillaries
drops nearly to zero
• because the blood has to overcome great resistance of the blood vessel walls after travelling a long distance
blood pressure in veins and venules
1) the heart is protected by the rib cage

2) surrounded by a membrane called pericardium filled with pericardial fluid
• the fluid revives friction within the pericardium
structures protecting her heart
1) consists of 4 chambers
• left & right atrium
• left & right ventricle

2) left side of the heart receives oxygenated blood and the right side receives deoxygenated blood
• they are separated by septum which prevents the mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
structure of the heart
right ventricle
• develops lower blood pressure to force blood into the lungs

left ventricle
• develops high blood pressure to force blood to other parts of the body
compare the blood pressure of the left and right ventricles
prevent the mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
function of septum in the heart
prevent the back flow of blood from the ventricles into the atria when the ventricles contract
function of bicuspid and tricuspid valve in heart
prevent the back flow of blood into the ventricles when the ventricles relax
function of semi-lunar valves
prevent the bicuspid and tricuspid valve from turning inside out when the ventricles contract
function of heart tendons
when the blood flows throughout the body in one complete loop, it passes through the heart twice
what is a double circulation
pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation
what does double circulation include
right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary artery, lungs, pulmonary veins, left atrium
pathway of pulmonary circulation
left atrium, left ventricle, aorta, all parts of the body except the lungs, vena cava, right atrium
pathway of systemic circulation
blood becomes oxygenated
change of blood after pulmonary circulation
blood becomes deoxygenated
change of blood after systemic circulation
most organs
• receive blood from an artery
• drain blood into a vein

except liver which receives blood from two blood vessels
• hepatic artery
• hepatic portal vein
how do organs receive and drain blood
collect nutrient-rich blood from small intestine and passes it to the liver
function of hepatic portal vein
pulmonary vein
which blood vessel has the highest oxygen content
vena cava
which blood vessel has the lowest oxygen content
hepatic portal vein
which blood vessel has the highest blood glucose level after a meal
hepatic vein
which blood vessel has the highest blood glucose level during fasting
hepatic vein
which blood vessel has the highest concentration of urea
renal vein
which blood vessel has the lowest concentration of urea
• the hydrostatic pressure of the blood is higher than that of the tissue fluid

• this forces some components of the plasma excluding large blood cells and proteins out of the selectively permeable capillary walls

• then forms tissue fluid
formation of tissue fluid at the arteriolar end of capillary bed (filtration)
• similar to blood
• except for the absence of red blood cells, blood platelets and plasma proteins
describe the composition of tissue fluid
• the water potential of the blood is lower than that of tissue fluid as plasma proteins remain in blood

• therefore, water in the tissue fluid is drawn into the capillaries by osmosis
reabsorption at the venule end of the capillary bed
• most tissue fluid returns to the blood by osmosis

• the rest is drained into the lymph vessels, forming lymph
fate of tissue fluid
1) provides a relatively constant environment
• for normal functions of body cells

2) serves as an important link for exchange of materials between the blood in the capillaries and body cells
importance of tissue fluid
lymph, lymph vessels, lymph nodes and other organs such as:
• spleen
• thymus
• tonsils
what does the lymphatic sustem consist of
has the same composition as tissue fluid
description of lymph
1) blind-ended

2) lymph inside is kept flowing very slowly
• by the contraction of the skeletal muscles

3) have halves
• to prevent the back flow of lymph

4) they finally join together and return lymph to the blood through a vein in the neck
description of lymph vessels
1) located at intervals along the lymph vessels

2) white blood cells accumulate there
• to kill the germs in the lymph

3) serve to filter lymph before it returns to the blood circulation (lymph at the vena cava)
description of lymph nodes
1) spleen
• filters damage cells and germs in the blood

2) spleen and thymus
• produce and store white blood cells which kill germs and destroy dead cells in the blood

3) tonsils
• white blood cells in tonsils guard against germs that enter the mouth or nose
description of the other organs in the lymphatic system
1) collects and returns excess tissue fluid to the blood circulation

2) protects us against diseases
• by filtering out germs from the lymph

3) transports lipids from the lacteals in intestinal villi into the blood
functions of lymphatic system
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