15.摂関政治と文化の国風化

During the Heian period, the Fujiwara clan deposed other nobles while growing in power by having their daughters become empresses and their children as the next emperors.

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During the Heian period, the Fujiwara clan deposed other nobles while growing in power by having their daughters become empresses and their children as the next emperors.

平安時代には藤原氏が、娘を天皇の妃にし、その子を次の天皇に立てることで、勢力の伸ばしながら、他の貴族たちを退けていきました。

The position that assisted the growing emperor was called sekihaku.

成長した天皇を補佐する役職を関白という。

Politics led by the regent or sekihaku is called regal politics.

摂政や関白が中心になった政治を、摂関政治という。

The regal government was most stable during the first half of the 11th century, when Fujiwara no Michinaga and his son Yorimichi, the Fujiwara monopolized most of the high positions in the imperial court and received large salaries commensurate with their status.

摂関政治は、11世紀前半の藤原道長と、その子の頼通の頃が最も安定し、藤原氏は、朝廷の高い地位をほとんど独占し、その地位に応じた多くの給与を受け取っていました。

The aristocrats, while based on the Tang culture, created what is called the national culture, which suited the Japanese climate, lifestyle, and emotions of the Japanese people.

貴族たちは、唐風の文化を踏まえながらも、日本の風土や生活、日本人の感情に合った国風文化と呼ばれる文化を生み出していきました。

In Japan in the 9th century, kana script was created, a variant of kanji that was devised to express Japanese pronunciation.

日本で9世紀には、漢字を変形させて、日本語の発音を表せるように工夫した仮名文字が作られました。

The kana script made it easier to write and express emotions, resulting in outstanding literary works such as the Kokin Waka Shu (Anthology of Ancient and Modern Japanese Poetry) compiled by Ki no Tsuyuki and others.

仮名文字は感情を書き表しやすくしたため、紀貫之などがまとめた「古今和歌集」などの優れた文学作品が生まれました。

"The emperor's concubines from the Fujiwara clan were surrounded by educated and talented women, and many literary works by women, such as Murasaki Shikibu's ""The Tale of Genji"" and Sei Shonagon's essay ""The Pillow Book,"" were also produced in this period."

藤原氏から出た天皇の妃たちの周りには、教養や才能のある女性が集まり、紫式部の「源氏物語」や、清少納言の随筆「枕草子」など、女性による文学作品が多く生まれたことも、こくふう

In the mid-10th century, society was gradually disturbed and people became increasingly anxious. This led to the Pure Land faith, in which people chanted Buddhist prayers to the Amida Buddha, hoping to be reborn in the Pure Land of Ultimate Bliss after death.

10世紀半ばになると次第に社会が乱れ、人々の心に不安な気持ちが高まったため、念仏を唱えて阿弥陀如来にすがり、死後に極楽浄土に生まれ変わることを願う、浄土信仰が起こりました。

In the 11th century, the Pure Land faith spread to local people, and statues of the Amida Nyorai and Amida halls containing them were built in many places.

11世紀には、浄土信仰が地方の人々にも広まり、阿弥陀如来の像や、それを納めた阿弥陀堂が各地に造られました。