ap statistics vocabulary Flashcards
Browse 500 sets of ap statistics vocabulary flashcards
Study sets
Diagrams
Classes
Users
Response variable
Explanatory variable
Scatterplots
Positive association
Measures the outcome of a study, dependent variable, y
Attempts to explain observed outcomes, indepdent variable, x
Show the relationship betweeen two quantitive variables (bivar…
As x increases, y increases
Response variable
Measures the outcome of a study, dependent variable, y
Explanatory variable
Attempts to explain observed outcomes, indepdent variable, x
5 number summary
z score
standard deviation
population
The minumum value, lower quartile, median, upper quartile, and…
a measure of how many standard deviations you are away from th…
A statistical measure of how far away each value is, on averag…
(statistics) the entire aggregation of items from which sample…
5 number summary
The minumum value, lower quartile, median, upper quartile, and…
z score
a measure of how many standard deviations you are away from th…
Variables
Categorical Variable
Quantitative Variable
Frequency Table
Characteristic of an individual
Places individual into a category
Takes numerical values for which it makes sense to find an ave…
Table of counts
Variables
Characteristic of an individual
Categorical Variable
Places individual into a category
5 number summary
z score
standard deviation
population
The minumum value, lower quartile, median, upper quartile, and…
a measure of how many standard deviations you are away from th…
A statistical measure of how far away each value is, on averag…
(statistics) the entire aggregation of items from which sample…
5 number summary
The minumum value, lower quartile, median, upper quartile, and…
z score
a measure of how many standard deviations you are away from th…
How do you check if there is outliers?
If a graph is skewed, should we calcula…
If a graph is roughly symmetrical, shou…
What is in the five number summary?
calculate IQR; anything above Q3+1.5(IQR) or below Q1-1.5(IQR)…
median; it is resistant to skews and outliers
mean; generally is more accurate if the data has no outliers
Minimum, Q1, Median, Q3, Maximum
How do you check if there is outliers?
calculate IQR; anything above Q3+1.5(IQR) or below Q1-1.5(IQR)…
If a graph is skewed, should we calcula…
median; it is resistant to skews and outliers
Mean
IQR
Standard Deviation
Measures of Position
Sum of observations/Number of Observations
Q3-Q1... Resistant to outliers
Common measure of spread. How far each observation is from the…
Percentiles: Percentile tells us a data point's position relat…
Mean
Sum of observations/Number of Observations
IQR
Q3-Q1... Resistant to outliers
Significance Test
Null Hypothesis
Alternative Hypthesis
One-Sided
A formal procedure for using observed data to decide between t…
Claim we weigh evidence against in a significance test
The claim that we are trying to find evidence for in a signifi…
It states that a parameter is larger than the null hypothesis…
Significance Test
A formal procedure for using observed data to decide between t…
Null Hypothesis
Claim we weigh evidence against in a significance test
Variables
Categorical Variable
Quantitative Variable
Frequency Table
Characteristic of an individual
Places individual into a category
Takes numerical values for which it makes sense to find an ave…
Table of counts
Variables
Characteristic of an individual
Categorical Variable
Places individual into a category
5 number summary
z score
standard deviation
Parameter
Min, Q1, Med, Q3, Max... 25% of data between each number... The f…
std dev from mean... -Number of standard deviations a score is…
A statistical measure of how far away each value is, on averag…
From the whole population- usually unknown... We use statistics…
5 number summary
Min, Q1, Med, Q3, Max... 25% of data between each number... The f…
z score
std dev from mean... -Number of standard deviations a score is…
Conditions for Bernoulli Trials
Geometric probability model
Mean & Standard Deviation of Geometic m…
Binomial probability model
1. There are two possible outcomes (success and failure).... 2. t…
- Tells us the probability for a random variable that counts t…
Mean = 1/p... SD = sqrt(q)/p
- Tells us the probabilty for a random variable that counts th…
Conditions for Bernoulli Trials
1. There are two possible outcomes (success and failure).... 2. t…
Geometric probability model
- Tells us the probability for a random variable that counts t…
What is the population in a statistical…
What is the sample in a statistical stu…
What is a convenience sample, and why i…
What is a bias?
the entire group of individuals about which we want information
part of the population from which we actually collect informat…
choosing individuals who are easiest to reach results. However…
design of a statistical study that systematically favors certa…
What is the population in a statistical…
the entire group of individuals about which we want information
What is the sample in a statistical stu…
part of the population from which we actually collect informat…
Statistical Significance
Non-Response Bias
p-Value
Empirical rule
When your discovered p-value is less than your alpha (.05 if n…
A bias caused by a number of people who did not respond to the…
The probability of getting a result at least as extreme as the…
States that, in a normal distribution, about 68% of the terms…
Statistical Significance
When your discovered p-value is less than your alpha (.05 if n…
Non-Response Bias
A bias caused by a number of people who did not respond to the…
Population
Census
Parameter
Sample
An entire group of study
When we ask every member of the entire population to gain info…
Number used to describe the population (Ex. 96% of WLN student…
Small section of population that we use to gain information ab…
Population
An entire group of study
Census
When we ask every member of the entire population to gain info…
standard error
one-sample z interval for a population…
sampling variability (and NOTHING else!)
use phat = .5 (creates largest MoE)
When a standard deviation of a statistic is estimated from dat…
What should you include in step three for labeling (in proport…
What sources of error are taken into account for the margin of…
What should you do when calculating the Margin of Error for a…
standard error
When a standard deviation of a statistic is estimated from dat…
one-sample z interval for a population…
What should you include in step three for labeling (in proport…
Percentile
Frequency Graph
Relative Frequency Graph
Cumulative Relative Frequency Graph
The pth percentile of a distribution is the value with p perce…
A graph showing the counts of each class in a distribution.
A graph showing the percent values of each class from the whol…
The cumulative relative frequency of successive class is the r…
Percentile
The pth percentile of a distribution is the value with p perce…
Frequency Graph
A graph showing the counts of each class in a distribution.
Percentile
Frequency Graph
Relative Frequency Graph
Cumulative Relative Frequency Graph
the value in a data set with p percent of values lower than it…
A graph showing the counts (or frequency) of each class in a d…
A graph showing the percent values of each class from the whol…
The cumulative relative frequency of successive class is the r…
Percentile
the value in a data set with p percent of values lower than it…
Frequency Graph
A graph showing the counts (or frequency) of each class in a d…
5 number summary
z score
standard deviation
population
The minumum value, lower quartile, median, upper quartile, and…
a measure of how many standard deviations you are away from th…
A statistical measure of how far away each value is, on averag…
(statistics) the entire aggregation of items from which sample…
5 number summary
The minumum value, lower quartile, median, upper quartile, and…
z score
a measure of how many standard deviations you are away from th…
5 number summary
z score
standard deviation
population
The minumum value, lower quartile, median, upper quartile, and…
a measure of how many standard deviations you are away from th…
A statistical measure of how far away each value is, on averag…
(statistics) the entire aggregation of items from which sample…
5 number summary
The minumum value, lower quartile, median, upper quartile, and…
z score
a measure of how many standard deviations you are away from th…
Distribution
Histogram (Relative Frequency Histogram)
Gap
Stem-and-Leaf Display
Slices up all the possible values of the variable into equal-w…
Uses adjacent bars to show the distribution of a quantitative…
A region of the distribution where there are no values.
Shows quantitative data values in a way that sketches the dist…
Distribution
Slices up all the possible values of the variable into equal-w…
Histogram (Relative Frequency Histogram)
Uses adjacent bars to show the distribution of a quantitative…
Completely Randomized Design
Block Design (Randomized Block Design)
Matched Pairs Design
Observational Study
Treatments are assigned to experimental units entirely by chan…
Experimental units are first grouped by a similar characterist…
Special type of block design where two experimental units are…
Where we collect data from individuals and measure variables o…
Completely Randomized Design
Treatments are assigned to experimental units entirely by chan…
Block Design (Randomized Block Design)
Experimental units are first grouped by a similar characterist…
Observational Study
Survey
Experiment
Factors
Investigator observes characteristics of a subset an existing…
Interviewer seeks information from a respondent by engaging in…
Investigator observes how a response variable behaves when oth…
Another name for the variables that researchers manipulate to…
Observational Study
Investigator observes characteristics of a subset an existing…
Survey
Interviewer seeks information from a respondent by engaging in…
Significance Test
Null Hypothesis
Alternative Hypthesis
One-Sided
A formal procedure for using observed data to decide between t…
Claim we weigh evidence against in a significance test
The claim that we are trying to find evidence for in a signifi…
It states that a parameter is larger than the null hypothesis…
Significance Test
A formal procedure for using observed data to decide between t…
Null Hypothesis
Claim we weigh evidence against in a significance test
Population
Sample
Sample Survey
Convenience Sample
The entire group of individuals about which we want information
The part of the population from which we actually collect info…
A survey which is carried out using a sampling method, i.e. in…
Choosing individuals who are easiest to reach...almost guarant…
Population
The entire group of individuals about which we want information
Sample
The part of the population from which we actually collect info…