ap statistics vocabulary Flashcards
Browse 500 sets of ap statistics vocabulary flashcards
Percentile
Frequency Graph
Relative Frequency Graph
Cumulative Relative Frequency Graph
The pth percentile of a distribution is the value with p perce…
A graph showing the counts of each class in a distribution.
A graph showing the percent values of each class from the whol…
The cumulative relative frequency of successive class is the r…
Percentile
The pth percentile of a distribution is the value with p perce…
Frequency Graph
A graph showing the counts of each class in a distribution.
parameter
statistic
sampling variability
sampling distribution
a number that describes some characteristics of the population
a number that describes some characteristic of a sample
value of a statistic varies in repeated random sampling
the distribution of values taken by the statistic in all possi…
parameter
a number that describes some characteristics of the population
statistic
a number that describes some characteristic of a sample
5 number summary
z score
standard deviation
population
The minumum value, lower quartile, median, upper quartile, and…
a measure of how many standard deviations you are away from th…
A statistical measure of how far away each value is, on averag…
(statistics) the entire aggregation of items from which sample…
5 number summary
The minumum value, lower quartile, median, upper quartile, and…
z score
a measure of how many standard deviations you are away from th…
5 number summary
z score
standard deviation
population
The minumum value, lower quartile, median, upper quartile, and…
a measure of how many standard deviations you are away from th…
A statistical measure of how far away each value is, on averag…
(statistics) the entire aggregation of items from which sample…
5 number summary
The minumum value, lower quartile, median, upper quartile, and…
z score
a measure of how many standard deviations you are away from th…
Bias
Census
Cluster sample
Convenience sample
The design of a statistical study shows bias if it would consi…
A study that attempts to collect data from every individual in…
To take this sample, first divide the population into smaller…
A sample selected by taking the members of the population that…
Bias
The design of a statistical study shows bias if it would consi…
Census
A study that attempts to collect data from every individual in…
Probability
Law of Large Numbers
Simulation
Performing a Simulation
A number between 0 and 1 that describes the proportion of time…
If we observe more and more repetitions of any chance process,…
An imitation of chance behavior based on a model that accurate…
There are four steps:... 1. State: Ask a question of interest.... 2…
Probability
A number between 0 and 1 that describes the proportion of time…
Law of Large Numbers
If we observe more and more repetitions of any chance process,…
Response variable
Explanatory variable
Scatterplots
Positive association
Measures the outcome of a study, dependent variable, y
Attempts to explain observed outcomes, indepdent variable, x
Show the relationship betweeen two quantitive variables (bivar…
As x increases, y increases
Response variable
Measures the outcome of a study, dependent variable, y
Explanatory variable
Attempts to explain observed outcomes, indepdent variable, x
Percentile
Frequency Graph
Relative Frequency Graph
Cumulative Relative Frequency Graph
The pth percentile of a distribution is the value with p perce…
A graph showing the counts of each class in a distribution.
A graph showing the percent values of each class from the whol…
The cumulative relative frequency of successive class is the r…
Percentile
The pth percentile of a distribution is the value with p perce…
Frequency Graph
A graph showing the counts of each class in a distribution.
Mean
IQR
Standard Deviation
Measures of Position
Sum of observations/Number of Observations
Q3-Q1... Resistant to outliers
Common measure of spread. How far each observation is from the…
Percentiles: Percentile tells us a data point's position relat…
Mean
Sum of observations/Number of Observations
IQR
Q3-Q1... Resistant to outliers
5 number summary
z score
standard deviation
population
The minumum value, lower quartile, median, upper quartile, and…
a measure of how many standard deviations you are away from th…
A statistical measure of how far away each value is, on averag…
(statistics) the entire aggregation of items from which sample…
5 number summary
The minumum value, lower quartile, median, upper quartile, and…
z score
a measure of how many standard deviations you are away from th…
How do you check if there are outliers?
If a graph is skewed, should we calcula…
If a graph is roughly symmetrical, shou…
What is in the five number summary?
calculate IQR; anything above Q3+1.5(IQR) or below Q1-1.5(IQR)…
median; it is resistant to skews and outliers
mean; generally is more accurate if the data has no outliers
Minimum, Q1, Median, Q3, Maximum
How do you check if there are outliers?
calculate IQR; anything above Q3+1.5(IQR) or below Q1-1.5(IQR)…
If a graph is skewed, should we calcula…
median; it is resistant to skews and outliers
5 number summary
z score
standard deviation
Parameter
Min, Q1, Med, Q3, Max... 25% of data between each number... The f…
std dev from mean... -Number of standard deviations a score is…
A statistical measure of how far away each value is, on averag…
From the whole population- usually unknown... We use statistics…
5 number summary
Min, Q1, Med, Q3, Max... 25% of data between each number... The f…
z score
std dev from mean... -Number of standard deviations a score is…
How do you check if there is outliers?
If a graph is skewed, should we calcula…
If a graph is roughly symmetrical, shou…
What is in the five number summary?
calculate IQR; anything above Q3+1.5(IQR) or below Q1-1.5(IQR)…
median; it is resistant to skews and outliers
mean; generally is more accurate if the data has no outliers
Minimum, Q1, Median, Q3, Maximum
How do you check if there is outliers?
calculate IQR; anything above Q3+1.5(IQR) or below Q1-1.5(IQR)…
If a graph is skewed, should we calcula…
median; it is resistant to skews and outliers
Significance Test
Null Hypothesis
Alternative Hypthesis
One-Sided
A formal procedure for using observed data to decide between t…
Claim we weigh evidence against in a significance test
The claim that we are trying to find evidence for in a signifi…
It states that a parameter is larger than the null hypothesis…
Significance Test
A formal procedure for using observed data to decide between t…
Null Hypothesis
Claim we weigh evidence against in a significance test
5 number summary
z score
standard deviation
population
The minumum value, lower quartile, median, upper quartile, and…
a measure of how many standard deviations you are away from th…
A statistical measure of how far away each value is, on averag…
(statistics) the entire aggregation of items from which sample…
5 number summary
The minumum value, lower quartile, median, upper quartile, and…
z score
a measure of how many standard deviations you are away from th…
Significance Test
Null Hypothesis
Alternative Hypthesis
One-Sided
A formal procedure for using observed data to decide between t…
Claim we weigh evidence against in a significance test
The claim that we are trying to find evidence for in a signifi…
It states that a parameter is larger than the null hypothesis…
Significance Test
A formal procedure for using observed data to decide between t…
Null Hypothesis
Claim we weigh evidence against in a significance test
Population
Census
Parameter
Sample
An entire group of study
When we ask every member of the entire population to gain info…
Number used to describe the population (Ex. 96% of WLN student…
Small section of population that we use to gain information ab…
Population
An entire group of study
Census
When we ask every member of the entire population to gain info…
Statistical Significance
Non-Response Bias
p-Value
Empirical rule
When your discovered p-value is less than your alpha (.05 if n…
A bias caused by a number of people who did not respond to the…
The probability of getting a result at least as extreme as the…
States that, in a normal distribution, about 68% of the terms…
Statistical Significance
When your discovered p-value is less than your alpha (.05 if n…
Non-Response Bias
A bias caused by a number of people who did not respond to the…
Completely Randomized Design
Block Design (Randomized Block Design)
Matched Pairs Design
Observational Study
Treatments are assigned to experimental units entirely by chan…
Experimental units are first grouped by a similar characterist…
Special type of block design where two experimental units are…
Where we collect data from individuals and measure variables o…
Completely Randomized Design
Treatments are assigned to experimental units entirely by chan…
Block Design (Randomized Block Design)
Experimental units are first grouped by a similar characterist…
Distribution
Histogram (Relative Frequency Histogram)
Gap
Stem-and-Leaf Display
Slices up all the possible values of the variable into equal-w…
Uses adjacent bars to show the distribution of a quantitative…
A region of the distribution where there are no values.
Shows quantitative data values in a way that sketches the dist…
Distribution
Slices up all the possible values of the variable into equal-w…
Histogram (Relative Frequency Histogram)
Uses adjacent bars to show the distribution of a quantitative…
standard error
one-sample z interval for a population…
sampling variability (and NOTHING else!)
use phat = .5 (creates largest MoE)
When a standard deviation of a statistic is estimated from dat…
What should you include in step three for labeling (in proport…
What sources of error are taken into account for the margin of…
What should you do when calculating the Margin of Error for a…
standard error
When a standard deviation of a statistic is estimated from dat…
one-sample z interval for a population…
What should you include in step three for labeling (in proport…
Chance experiment
Sample space
Event
Simple event
Any process that generates observations whose outcomes cannot…
Set of all possible outcomes of a chance experiment
An outcome or set of outcomes of a chance experiment
An event that consists of exactly one outcome
Chance experiment
Any process that generates observations whose outcomes cannot…
Sample space
Set of all possible outcomes of a chance experiment
observational study
experiment
experimental unit
factor
observe outcomes without imposing treatment
actively impose some treatment in order to observe the response
the single individual to which the different treatments are as…
the explanatory variable (what is being tested)
observational study
observe outcomes without imposing treatment
experiment
actively impose some treatment in order to observe the response
5 number summary
z score
standard deviation
population
The minumum value, lower quartile, median, upper quartile, and…
a measure of how many standard deviations you are away from th…
A statistical measure of how far away each value is, on averag…
(statistics) the entire aggregation of items from which sample…
5 number summary
The minumum value, lower quartile, median, upper quartile, and…
z score
a measure of how many standard deviations you are away from th…
Population Parameter
Population mean
Population proportion
Sample Statistics
If the variable is describing an entire population, the number…
If the variable is describing a sample from a population the n…
Population Parameter
If the variable is describing an entire population, the number…
Population mean