Study sets matching "pharm pharmacology 4"
Study sets
Classes
Users
Agents used to treat DM
Anterior pituitary hormones
Diabetics are at increased risk for:
Oral health in diabetics is linked to:
- insulins... - Sulfonylureas... - Meglitinides... - Biguanides... - Thiaz…
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (T4, T3)
-periodontal disease... - fungal infections... - poor post-op healing
glucose homeostasis
Agents used to treat DM
- insulins... - Sulfonylureas... - Meglitinides... - Biguanides... - Thiaz…
Anterior pituitary hormones
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (T4, T3)
What year did we begin to figure out th…
What year was chlorpromazine used and f…
Found in 1955, this drug was used in de…
What are 2 types of inotropic receptors?
1940s & 60s
1951;... Calm patients w/ schizophrenia
Imipramine
- Voltage-gated... - Ligand-gated
What year did we begin to figure out th…
1940s & 60s
What year was chlorpromazine used and f…
1951;... Calm patients w/ schizophrenia
Bacitracin
Mupirocin
Polymyxin B Sulfate
Neomycin and gentamicin
Antibacterial... MOA: Inhibits cell wall synthesis... Indications: G…
Antibacterial... MOA: Binds to bacterial isoleucyl-tRNA synthetas…
Antibacterial... MOA: binds PL and increases permeability in the…
Antibacterial... MOA: Binds 30s and inhibits protein synthesis... In…
Bacitracin
Antibacterial... MOA: Inhibits cell wall synthesis... Indications: G…
Mupirocin
Antibacterial... MOA: Binds to bacterial isoleucyl-tRNA synthetas…
where do antibiotics exert their effect…
inhibition of enzymes responsible for c…
Aminoglycosides (derived from Aminocycl…
Aminoglycoside: Neomycin is..... and is…
cell wall, cell membrane, ribosomes, critical enzymes or metab…
Cephalosporins
ribosomal agent, absorbed from topical administration, ototoxi…
nephrotoxic... the skin eyes and ears
where do antibiotics exert their effect…
cell wall, cell membrane, ribosomes, critical enzymes or metab…
inhibition of enzymes responsible for c…
Cephalosporins
bactericidal
bacteriostatic
broad spectrum
narrow spectrum
kill bacteria
inhibit replication of bacteria, allows immune systems to figh…
kills both gram positive and gram negative bacteria
kills EITHER gram positive OR gram negative bacteria
bactericidal
kill bacteria
bacteriostatic
inhibit replication of bacteria, allows immune systems to figh…
What type of shock causes a reduction i…
What type of shock causes an increase i…
What effect will a hemoabdomen have on…
What effect will post burn have on volu…
Hypovolemic
Distributive
decrease - losing blood so blood is shunted to only perfuse th…
usually decrease - loss of water and proteins through burns si…
What type of shock causes a reduction i…
Hypovolemic
What type of shock causes an increase i…
Distributive
Sympathetic Nervous System
Parasympathetic Nervous System
Afferent division of CNS
Efferent Division of CNS
Fight or flight - speeds things up. Stress related responses…
Controls resting state. Rest or digest. Normally this has domi…
Sensory info from body to the brain Direction is towards CNS
brain impulses. Commands start from CNS out to periphery.
Sympathetic Nervous System
Fight or flight - speeds things up. Stress related responses…
Parasympathetic Nervous System
Controls resting state. Rest or digest. Normally this has domi…
respiratory disorders
congestion: antitussives
congestion: decongestants
congestion: antihistamines
1. congestion: ... - common cold, allergies, bronchitis, various…
- used to suppress coughing, often in conjunction with acetami…
- alpha-1 adrenergic agonists... - stimulate nasal vasoconstricti…
- histamine: regulates normal function: gastric secretion, CNS…
respiratory disorders
1. congestion: ... - common cold, allergies, bronchitis, various…
congestion: antitussives
- used to suppress coughing, often in conjunction with acetami…
pure food and drug act of 1906
food, drug and cosmetic act of 1938
food, drug and cosmetic act of 1938
food, drug and cosmetic act of 1938
prohibited the interstate sale and transmission of harmful or…
required manufacturers to file a new drug application
required manufacturers to prove new drugs were safe to use
created FDA and authorized FDA to carry out inspections
pure food and drug act of 1906
prohibited the interstate sale and transmission of harmful or…
food, drug and cosmetic act of 1938
required manufacturers to file a new drug application
Dual innervation
Regulation of GI activity
Excitation-contraction coupling:... -Excit…
Excitation-contraction coupling:... -Inhib…
-Much of the GI tract is dual innervated by SNS and PSNS... Pred…
-ENS is responsible for largely autonomous nature of GI activi…
-Electro-mechanical coupling: ionotropic receptors can mediate…
-Inhibitory receptors also exist on smooth muscle and generall…
Dual innervation
-Much of the GI tract is dual innervated by SNS and PSNS... Pred…
Regulation of GI activity
-ENS is responsible for largely autonomous nature of GI activi…
Alpha1
ALPHA2
B1
B2
q; Increase in smooth muscle contraction, increase in pupillar…
i; Decrease in sympathetic (adrenergic) outflow, decrease in i…
s; Increase in heart rate, increase in contractility, increase…
s; Vasodilation, bronchodilation, increase in lipolysis, incre…
Alpha1
q; Increase in smooth muscle contraction, increase in pupillar…
ALPHA2
i; Decrease in sympathetic (adrenergic) outflow, decrease in i…
Nephron Processes
Filtration in the nephron
Reabsorption in the nephron
Secretion in the nephron
1. filtration... 2. reabsorption... 3. secretion
passes from plasma into the renal tubule
moves back up into the plasma from the tubule
moves into the tubule from the plasma
Nephron Processes
1. filtration... 2. reabsorption... 3. secretion
Filtration in the nephron
passes from plasma into the renal tubule
antidepressants
anticholinergic side effects
mydriasis
depression
no significant ophthalmic side effects except dry eye; parasym…
dry eyes; dry mouth; urinary retention; constipation; blurred…
dilation of the pupil; causes blurred vision; anticholinergic…
exact etiology is not known, but it is knownt that it involves…
antidepressants
no significant ophthalmic side effects except dry eye; parasym…
anticholinergic side effects
dry eyes; dry mouth; urinary retention; constipation; blurred…
Dextromethorphan
Codeine
Other Centrally Acting Antitussives
Demulcents
- MOA: Centrally acting antitussive -- depress medullary cough…
- MOA: Centrally acting antitussive -- depress medullary cough…
- Non-narcotic: chlophedianol, levopropoxyphene, noscapine... - N…
- MOA: Peripherally acting antitussive -- form a protective co…
Dextromethorphan
- MOA: Centrally acting antitussive -- depress medullary cough…
Codeine
- MOA: Centrally acting antitussive -- depress medullary cough…
Another name for the sympathetic nervou…
What is neurotransmitter is released by…
Preganglionic sympathetic neurons targe…
What is released at the Adrenal Medulla?
Adrenergic System
Acetylcholine
Nicotinic Receptors (at the ganglion), or the Adrenal Medulla
Epi/Norepi
Another name for the sympathetic nervou…
Adrenergic System
What is neurotransmitter is released by…
Acetylcholine
Hemicholine
Botulinum Toxin
AChE inhibitors
Receptor Agonist and Antagonists
blocks the uptake of choline (decrease ACh production)
Prevent ACh release... Botox Local injection: muscle paralysis (d…
enhance synaptic ACh
block postjunctional receptors N and M
Hemicholine
blocks the uptake of choline (decrease ACh production)
Botulinum Toxin
Prevent ACh release... Botox Local injection: muscle paralysis (d…
effect of age increase on drug absorpti…
effect of age increase on drug distribu…
Effect of age increase on drug metaboli…
mixed-function oxidase system
decreased intestinal blood flow, surface area, intestinal moti…
decreased body mass: drug concent. higher in body... decrease pla…
(overall decreases with age, increases drug action)... decrease i…
DMMS that decrease with age and slow the rate of drug oxidatio…
effect of age increase on drug absorpti…
decreased intestinal blood flow, surface area, intestinal moti…
effect of age increase on drug distribu…
decreased body mass: drug concent. higher in body... decrease pla…
Drug used to treat pediatric GERD
drug that causes baby to have ashen col…
drug that causes kernicterus d/t displa…
drug class that causes tooth enamel dys…
lansoprazole
chloramphenicol
sulfonamides (sulfisoxazole)
tetracyclines
Drug used to treat pediatric GERD
lansoprazole
drug that causes baby to have ashen col…
chloramphenicol
Criteria to meet for constipation (5)
Percentage of older adults affected by…
Causes of constipation (5)
Dx's that can cause constipation (7)
1. reduced number of BMs per day (<3)... 2. difficulty passing st…
20-30%
1. low fiber diet... 2. low fluid intake (dehydration)... 3. inactiv…
1. IBS... 2. DM... 3. hypothyroidism... 4. MS... 5. Parkinson's... 6. anxiety…
Criteria to meet for constipation (5)
1. reduced number of BMs per day (<3)... 2. difficulty passing st…
Percentage of older adults affected by…
20-30%
Describe the chemotheraputic methods by…
Drugs which inhibit IL-2 production/act…
Tacrolimus
Drugs that inhibit cytokine gene expres…
-Act on either innate or adaptive immune system - not antigen…
-Fungus derived cyclic peptide which binds intracellular prote…
-Similar MOA but binds different intracellular protein ... -Macro…
-Exogenous synthetic versions of cortisol... -All the systemic ef…
Describe the chemotheraputic methods by…
-Act on either innate or adaptive immune system - not antigen…
Drugs which inhibit IL-2 production/act…
-Fungus derived cyclic peptide which binds intracellular prote…
Drug
Pharmacology
Clinical Pharmacology
Therapeutics
any chemical that can affect living processes
study of drugs and their interactions with living systems
study of drugs in humans
use of drugs to diagnose, prevent, or treat disease or to prev…
Drug
any chemical that can affect living processes
Pharmacology
study of drugs and their interactions with living systems
before any phases you must submit an... t…
phase I... the drug approval process
phase II... the drug approval process
phase III... the drug approval process
Investigational New Drug IND application... after 30 days, inves…
safety... small group of normal subjects... side effects?... safety?…
efficacy... patients with the disease... drug v placebo
safety, efficacy, and side effects... thousands of patients
before any phases you must submit an... t…
Investigational New Drug IND application... after 30 days, inves…
phase I... the drug approval process
safety... small group of normal subjects... side effects?... safety?…
sources of drugs
chemical scientific name
generic name
trade/brand name
plants... animals... synthetic chemical
formula that denotes the composition of the drug. made up of l…
non-propriety name. not owned by any drug company & is univers…
proprietary (owned by company)... used for marketing, registered…
sources of drugs
plants... animals... synthetic chemical
chemical scientific name
formula that denotes the composition of the drug. made up of l…