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Terms in this set (407)

According to Erik Erikson, the psychosocial stage that characterizes early childhood is:
a. initiative versus guilt.
According to Erik Erikson, the "great governor" of initiative is:
a. conscience.
In Erikson's portrait of early childhood, the young child clearly has begun to develop _____, which is the representation of self, the substance and content of self-conceptions.
c. self-understanding
Four-year-old Harlan says "I'm always happy!" Researchers suggest that Harlan, like other kids his own age, have self-descriptions that are typically:
d. unrealistically positive.
_____ especially plays a key role in children's ability to manage the demands and conflicts they face in interacting with others. It is an important component of executive function.
b. Emotion regulation
Hans feels ashamed when his parents say "You should feel bad about biting your sister!" To experience a _____ emotion like shame, Hans must be able to refer to himself as distinct from others.
b. self-conscious
Self-conscious emotions do not appear to develop until self-awareness appears at approximately _____.
d. 15 to 18 months of age
When Brianna is upset her mother facilitates open discussion about why she is upset and helps her figure out how to deal with the negative emotions. Therefore, Brianna's mother takes an _____ approach to parenting.
c. emotion-coaching
_____ parents interact with their children in a less rejecting manner, use more scaffolding and praise, and are more nurturant than are emotion-dismissing parents.
c. Emotion-coaching
The children of _____ parents are better at soothing themselves when they get upset, more effective in regulating their negative affect, focus their attention better, and have fewer behavior problems than the children of emotion-dismissing parents.
a. emotion-coaching
Developmental psychologists would describe Jennifer as an "emotion-dismissing" parent to her son. Which of the following types of behavior is Jennifer MOST likely to engage in?
b. She ignores her child when he cries.
Barbara monitors her children's emotions, views their negative emotions as opportunities for teaching, and assists her children in labeling their emotions. She is an:
c. emotion-coaching parent.
Marjorie chooses to deny, ignore, or change the negative emotions of her children. She is an:
c. emotion-dismissing parent.
_____ development involves the development of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding rules and conventions about what people should do in their interactions with other people.
c. Moral
According to Freud, the moral element of the personality is called the _____.
d. superego
Feelings of anxiety and guilt are central to the account of moral development provided by _____ theory.
d. Freud's psychoanalytic
According to Freud, to reduce anxiety, avoid punishment, and maintain parental affection, children identify with parents, internalizing their standards of right and wrong, and thus form the:
c. superego.
_____ is responding to another person's feelings with an emotion that echoes the other's feelings.
b. Empathy
When her mother asks Selena why she feels so sad, Selena says it is because her best friend just lost her puppy. Selena is exhibiting:
b. empathy.
The ability to discern another's inner psychological state is known as:
c. perspective taking.
Which of the following is the first stage of Piaget's theory of moral development?
c. Heteronomous morality
From about _____ years of age, children display heteronomous morality.
b. 4 to 7
According to Piaget's theory, from _____ years of age, children are in a transition showing some features of the first stage of moral reasoning and some stages of the second stage, autonomous morality.
a. 7 to 10
From about _____, children show autonomous morality. .
c. 10 years of age and older
Jerome, 6, and Hani, 10, get up early on Saturday morning and decide to make "breakfast in bed" for their mother. While reaching for the bed tray in the back of the hall cabinet, they accidentally break one of their mother's favorite porcelain dolls. Jerome knows that he's going to get into "big trouble."
Hani tells him not to worry because Mom would understand that it was an accident. In what stage would Jean Piaget categorize the moral reasoning of Jerome and Hani? b. Jerome—heteronomous morality; Hani—autonomous morality
Because young children are _____, they judge the rightness or goodness of behavior by considering its consequences, not the intentions of the actor.
b. heteronomous moralists
Julie believes that Jason's accidental act of breaking 12 plates is worse than Peter intentionally breaking two plates. Julie can be best described as a(n) _____.
d. heteronomous moralist
Dante is a 10-year-old who likes to play soccer during recess. One day a friend teaches him a different set of rules about the game that Dante accepts. He now plays soccer in a new way. Dante is in which stage of moral development?
a. Autonomous morality
Katrina becomes extremely upset when her brother tries to change the rules of their game, yelling, "You can't do that! You can't change rules!" Katrina is exhibiting which of the following types of moral reasoning?
b. Heteronomous morality
As children develop into moral autonomists:
d. intentions become more important than consequences.
Older children, who are _____, recognize that punishment occurs only if someone witnesses the wrongdoing and that even then, punishment is not inevitable.
a. moral autonomists
Young children tend to believe that if a rule is broken, punishment will be meted out immediately. This indicates a belief in the concept of:
a. immanent justice.
Piaget concluded that the changes in moral reasoning in children come about through:
d. the mutual give-and-take of peer relations.
According to Jean Piaget, parent-child relations are less likely to advance moral reasoning than peer relations because:
c. parents take an authoritative approach to handing down the rules.
Social cognitive theory provides several important principles to help us understand moral behavior of children. Which one of the following is NOT one of those principles?
c. Punishment will always increase modeling of moral behavior.
Which of the following approaches holds that the processes of reinforcement, punishment, and imitation explain the development of moral behavior?
c. The behavioral and social cognitive approach
Twice each month, Gini helps to serve dinner at the "Community Table," a program that assists homeless people in the town. She brings her two children, ages 9 and 11, with her and talks to them about the need
to share time, food, and kindness with others who are less fortunate. Social cognitive theorists would say that Gini's children: a. are likely to develop moral behavior that includes helping others.
_____ refers to an internal regulation of standards of right and wrong that involves an integration of all three components of moral development, namely, moral thought, feeling, and behavior.
d. Conscience
In Thompson's view, young children are moral _____, striving to understand what is moral.
a. apprentices
Among the most important aspects of the relationship between parents and children that contribute to children's moral development are relational quality, parental discipline, proactive strategies, and _____.
c. conversational dialogue
Nicola tries to take steps to avert potential misbehavior by her children before it takes place. The moment she sees that her 4-year old daughter is going to have a meltdown, she distracts her with a favorite activity.
She has regular talks with her 10-year old son where she tries to impart her cherished values to him and indicates what is expected of him as he grows older. Nicola is: d. proactive in her approach to her children's moral development.
Gender _____ involves a sense of one's own gender, including knowledge, understanding, and acceptance of being male or female.
c. identity
Sets of expectations that prescribe how females and males should think, act, and feel are known as gender:
a. roles.
Most children know whether they are physically a girl or boy by about _____ years of age.
b. 2½
Gender _____ refers to acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role.
c. typing
Michael, age 4, loves playing with toy cars and airplanes, and his idea of play involves wrestling and pushing his friends. Melanie, also 4, loves playing with her dolls and doll house,
and her idea of play is to have a tea party with her dolls and friends. Both are exhibiting: b. sex-typed behavior.
Low levels of _____ in the female embryo allow the normal development of female sex organs.
d. androgens
Gonads are:
b. ovaries in females and testes in men.
_____ promote the development of female physical sex characteristics.
b. Estrogens
_____ promote the development of male physical sex characteristics.
a. Androgens
Which of the following hormones is an androgen?
a. Testosterone
Which of the following hormones is an estrogen?
d. Estradiol
_____ psychologists propose that men have gradually changed over time to have dispositions that favor competition and risk-taking.
b. Evolutionary
According to evolutionary psychologists, natural selection should favor females who chose:
c. ambitious mates who could provide their children with resources and protection.
Psychological evolutionary theories of gender differences fail to take into account:
a. cultural and individual variations in gender differences.
The primary social theories of gender include all of the following EXCEPT:
a. evolutionary psychology view.
The social role theory suggests that:
a. the social hierarchy and division of labor are important causes of gender differences in power, assertiveness, and nurturing.
According to the UNICEF (2011), in most cultures around the world:
b. women have less power and status than men, and they control fewer resources.
This theory of gender stems from the view that the preschool child develops a sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent.
a. Psychoanalytic theory of gender
According to Freud, at which age does the child renounce the sexual attraction he/she feels toward the parent of the opposite sex because of anxious feelings?
c. 5 or 6 years of age
The psychoanalytic theory of gender stems from Freud's view that the preschool child develops a sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent. Which of the following describes this condition in girls?
b. Electra complex
According to Freud, preschool boys develop a sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent in a process called the _____.
a. Oedipus complex
Karen is often praised for gender typical behavior. Her parents make statements like "Karen you are such a good girl when you play with your doll!" Gender researchers would use this as support for what theory of gender development?
b. Social cognitive theory
Which of the following statements is true about parental influences on children's gender development?
d. Fathers show more attention to sons than to daughters.
Who among the following is MOST likely to be rejected by peers on the basis of gender roles?
b. A little boy playing with a doll
Around the age of _____, children already show a preference to spend time with same-sex playmates.
a. three
Children between the ages of 4 and 12 usually prefer to play in groups that are made up of:
b. the same sex as theirs.
In the context of the size of same-sex groups of children, from about 5 years of age onward:
a. boys are more likely to associate together in larger clusters than girls are.
Girls are more likely to engage in "_____," in which they talk and act in a more reciprocal manner.
a. collaborative discourse
A _____ is a cognitive structure, a network of associations that guide an individual's perceptions.
b. schema
A gender _____ organizes the world in terms of female and male.
d. schema
Children are internally motivated to perceive the world and to act in accordance with their developing _____.
b. schemas
Bit by bit, children pick up what is gender-appropriate and gender-inappropriate in their culture, and develop gender _____ that shape how they perceive the world and what they remember.
c. schemas
Which of the following fuels gender typing?
a. Gender schemas
Suzie, 3, has to eat everything on her plate at dinner or her father punishes her by sending her to bed without dinner the next day. Suzie also has strict schedules for playing, television,
and studying, and any disobedience leads to spanking and punishments. Suzie's father is most likely a(n): a. authoritarian parent.
When asked to describe his parenting style, Juan stated, "In my house, my word is the law." Juan is probably a(n):
a. authoritarian parent.
A parent who uses a restrictive, punitive style to control the behavior of their children is a(n):
a. authoritarian parent.
Lucy frequently spanks her child, enforces rigid household rules, and exhibits rage toward her child when those rules are broken. Lucy is most likely a(n) _____.
a. authoritarian parent.
A parent who encourages his/her children to be independent but still places limits and controls on their actions is a(n):
b. authoritative parent.
Logan is a warm and loving parent, but he also has high expectations of his kids. As he encourages independent and age-appropriate behavior from his children, Baumarind would classify him as a:
b. authoritative parent.
Ursula is allowed to set her own schedules for playtime and for studying. Her mother drives her to her ballet classes and soccer practice. However,
Ursula needs to keep her grades up and must go to bed early on most weeknights. Ursula's mom is most likely a(n): b. authoritative parent.
Which parenting style is demanding and controlling, while also being rejecting and unresponsive?
a. Authoritarian
According to Baumarind, a parent who is very uninvolved in a child's life, showing neither responsiveness nor control, is displaying a _____ parenting style.
d. neglectful
According to Baumarind, a parent who is highly involved with his/her children but places few demands or controls on them is displaying a ____ parenting style.
c. indulgent
Josh's mother makes his favorite food—burgers, fries, and pizza—every night for dinner. His mother lets Josh play as much as he wants to, study only when he feels like it, and imposes no fixed bedtime. Josh's mom is most likely a(n):
c. indulgent parent.
Bernard just brought home his report card and placed it on the television set. Bernard told his dad that he was required to bring the card back to school tomorrow with the signature of one of his parents. Bernard's dad told him to move out of the way because he could not see the TV set.
The next morning, Bernard found his report card where he left it, unsigned. He signed his dad's name and put it in his backpack. Bernard's dad is most likely a(n): d. neglectful parent.
Misha has been sent to his room for hitting his baby sister. His mother will come in and talk to him about why he cannot treat his sister this way and about other, more acceptable ways for him to express his anger. Which parenting style does this exemplify?
b. Authoritative
In which parenting style do parents show pleasure and support in response to children's constructive behavior?
b. Authoritative
Which parenting style could lead to social incompetence, truancy, and delinquency in children?
d. Neglectful
Which parenting style leads to egocentric, domineering, and noncompliant behavior in children?
c. Indulgent
Which parenting style is demanding and controlling, while also being accepting and responsive?
c. Authoritative
Which parenting style is undemanding and uncontrolling, but is also rejecting, and unresponsive?
d. Neglectful
Which parenting style is undemanding and uncontrolling, while also being accepting and responsive?
b. Indulgent
Research conducted by Ruth Chao suggests that:
a. the high control of Asian parents is best conceptualized as "training" and is distinct from the domineering control characteristic of an authoritarian style of parenting.
A national survey of U.S. parents with 3- and 4-year-old children found that _____ percent of parents reported spanking their children frequently.
b. 26
In a recent national survey of U.S. parents with 3- to 4-year-old children, about _____ percent reported that they frequently yelled at their children.
d. 67
Which of the following countries has the most favorable attitude toward corporal punishment?
d. The United States
According to a cross-cultural survey, in which of the following countries are adults most likely to remember that their parents used corporal punishment?
b. South Korea
Research linking corporal punishment and child behavior has been associated with all of the following EXCEPT:
c. higher levels of moral internalization.
Which of the following is an effective way of handling a child's misbehavior, according to most child psychologists?
b. Time out, in which the child is removed from a setting that offers positive reinforcement
Four-year old Becky has just hit her sister, again. What should Becky's mom do? Most developmental psychologists would suggest:
b. explaining to Becky that "hitting hurts"; she is old enough to understand the consequences of her behavior for others.
Tom and Katie have recently split up, but for the benefit of their child they attempt to provide one another support in jointly raising their child. This is an example of:
d. coparenting.
In 2009, approximately 702,000 U.S. children were found to be victims of child abuse at least once during that year. _____ of these children were abused by their parent(s).
d. Eighty-one percent
Whereas the public and many professionals use the term child abuse to refer to both abuse and neglect, developmentalists increasingly use the term _____.
b. child maltreatment
Punching, beating, kicking, biting, burning, and shaking a child constitutes:
d. physical abuse.
Damian's parents fail to provide his basic needs; he is often unfed and dirty when he gets to school. This constitutes:
c. child neglect.
Nine-year-old Tadako's uncle has been taking pictures of her naked and selling them on the Internet. This constitutes:
b. sexual abuse
About _____ of parents who were abused themselves when they were young go on to abuse their own children.
c. one-third
According to a study, maltreated young children in foster care were _____ than middle-SES young children living with their birth family.
c. more likely to show abnormal stress hormone levels
Laurie Kramer, who has conducted a number of research studies on siblings, says that:
d. not intervening and letting sibling conflict escalate are not good strategies.
Which of the following is true of the characteristics of sibling relationships as described by Judy Dunn?
c. There is considerable variation in sibling relationships.
Firstborn and only children are alike in that both are _____ than later-born children.
d. more achievement-oriented
Why do more and more researchers think that birth-order influences on child development have been emphasized too strongly?
d. Birth order itself shows limited ability to predict behavior when all of the factors that influence behavior are considered.
Which of the following countries has the highest percentage of single-parent families?
d. Sweden
Which of the following is true of how parents' work affects the development of their children?
a. The nature of the parents' work is a more important determinant of children's development.
Maribel works as a housekeeper at a hotel. She has no autonomy in her work, works long hours, and feels quite stressed by her job. Kim is a lawyer who works long hours but has control over her work and a great office environment. Anne Crouter would say that:
b. Maribel's children are likely to experience less effective parenting than Kim's children.
It is estimated that approximately _____ percent of children born to married parents in the United States will experience their parents' divorce.
b. 40
Which of the following is true of children in divorced families?
a. A majority of children in divorced families do not have significant adjustment problems.
Following divorce, custodial mothers experience the loss of about _____ percent of their pre-divorce income.
c. 25 to 50
Approximately _____ percent of lesbians are parents.
b. 20
Approximately _____ percent of gay men are parents.
a. 10
Bernice was raised by two lesbian mothers, whereas Jessica was raised by a heterosexual couple. According to research, it is MOST likely that:
b. Bernice and Jessica are the same with regard to popularity and mental health.
The overwhelming majority of children from gay or lesbian families:
b. have a heterosexual orientation.
Carl and Tulip are getting a divorce and want to know how they can best communicate the news to their young children. Ellen Galinsky and Judy David would suggest that:
d. the children be told that they are not the cause of the separation.
In general in the United States, African American and Latino family orientations differ from White family orientations in that:
b. the extended family plays a greater role in African American and Latino families.
Cultural changes that occur when one culture comes in contact with another is known as _____.
b. acculturation
Working-class and low-income families are more likely to practice a(n) _____ parenting style.
a. authoritarian
What does a child get from peers that he/she typically cannot get from siblings?
c. An idea of how the child compares with other children the same age
Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson considered play to be valuable because:
a. it helps the child master anxieties and conflicts.
Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky considered play to be valuable because:
b. it advances the child's cognitive development.
Which statement best summarizes Daniel Berlyne's views about children's play?
d. Children use play as a way to explore new things and as a way to satisfy their natural curiosity about the world.
_____ play, which can be engaged in throughout life, involves the repetition of behavior when new skills are being learned or when physical or mental mastery and coordination of skills are required for games or sports.
b. Practice
Which of the following statements about practice play is true?
d. Practice play can be engaged in throughout life.
Which type of play increases dramatically during the preschool years?
c. Social play
_____ play occurs when children engage in the self-regulated creation of a product or a solution.
a. Constructive
Which of the following refers to activities engaged in for pleasure that include rules and often involve competition with one or more individuals?
d. Games
Children's Saturday morning cartoons show about _____ violent acts per hour.
d. 25
Steuer, Applefield, and Smith conducted an experiment where preschool children were randomly assigned to two groups. One group watched cartoons containing violence, and the other group watched cartoons with the violence removed. During a free-play session, the children who watched the
cartoons containing violence showed more aggression than children who watched the nonviolent cartoons. What conclusion was drawn from this study? d. Exposure to TV violence caused aggression in children in this investigation.
Children's shows like Sesame Street are:
a. good at teaching prosocial skills.
This theorist stated that the psychological stage of childhood was "initiative versus guilt."
Answer: Erik Erikson
This theorist suggested that children internalize their parents' standards of right and wrong in order to reduce anxiety and avoid punishment.
Answer: Sigmund Freud
This theorist proposed that gender differences result from the contrasting roles of men and women in societies where women have less power and status than men and control fewer resources.
Answer: Alice Eagly
This theorist has proposed four classifications of parenting involving combinations of acceptance and responsiveness on the one hand and demand and control on the other.
Answer: Diana Baumrind
This theorist, a leading expert on sibling relationships, described three important characteristics of sibling relationships: emotional stability, familiarity and intimacy, and variation.
Answer: Judy Dunn
Parents who monitor their children's emotions, view their children's negative emotions as opportunities for teaching, and assist children in labeling their emotions.
Answer: Emotion-coaching parents
According to Jean Piaget, this is the first stage of moral development where children think of justice and rules as unchangeable properties of the world.
Answer: Heteronomous morality
This theory states that children's gender development occurs through observing and imitating what other people say and do, and through being rewarded and punished for gender-appropriate and gender-inappropriate behavior.
Answer: Social cognitive theory of gender
Tobias's parents are very demanding and show little warmth. They have a "My way or the highway" kind of approach to parenting. What parenting style are they displaying?
Answer: Authoritarian
A parenting technique for handling misbehavior in children. It is characterized by removing the child from a setting that offers positive reinforcement.
Answer: Time out
The support that parents provide one another in jointly raising a child.
Answer: Coparenting
A kind of play that involves repetition of behavior when new skills are being learned or when physical or mental mastery and coordination of skills are required for games or sports.
Answer: Practice play
Explain Eric Erikson's stage of initiative versus guilt. Provide an example of initiative and an example of guilt as it is used by Erikson. Answer: In Eric Erikson's first psychosocial developmental stage, initiative versus guilt, children are learning to use their perceptual, motor, cognitive, and language
skills to make things happen. In essence, they exuberantly move into a wider social world. If they are not permitted to explore their world or if they face disappointment consistently, they will develop guilt
Young children's self-descriptions are typically unrealistically positive. Why is that? Answer: Young children's self-descriptions are typically unrealistically positive because they do not yet distinguish between their desired competence and their actual competence; tend to confuse ability
and effort, thinking that differences in ability can be changed as easily as can differences in effort; do not engage in spontaneous social comparison of their abilities with those of others; and tend to compare their present abilities with what they could do at an earlier age, by which they usually look quite good.
Define self-conscious emotions and provide two examples. What are the two criteria necessary for children to experience self-conscious emotions? Answer: Self-conscious emotions are those that include the quality of an evaluation or judgment of self.
Examples include pride, shame, embarrassment, and guilt. In order for children to experience self-conscious emotions, they must (1) be able to refer to themselves and (2) be aware of themselves as distinct from others.
What are some of the differences between emotion-coaching and emotion-dismissing parents? Answer: Depending on how they talk with their children about emotion, parents can be described as taking an emotion-coaching or an emotion-dismissing approach.
The distinction between these approaches is most evident in the way the parent deals with the child's negative emotions anger, frustration, sadness, and so on. Emotion-coaching parents monitor their children's emotions, view their children's negative emotions as opportunities for teaching, assist them
in labeling emotions, and coach them in how to deal effectively with emotions. In contrast, emotion-dismissing parents view their role as to deny, ignore, or change negative emotions.
Emotion-coaching parents interact with their children in a less rejecting manner, use more scaffolding and praise, and are more nurturant than are emotion-dismissing parents.
Ellen Galinsky and Judy David developed a number of guidelines for communicating with children about divorce. Which one of these guidelines connects with the concept of emotion-coaching? Answer: Ellen Galinsky and Judy David urge parents communicating news of their divorce to their
children to explain to them that it is normal to not feel good about what is happening and that it may take time for them to feel better, and that many other children feel this way when their parents become separated. This connects directly to how emotion-coaching parents monitor their children's emotions,
view their children's negative emotions as opportunities for teaching, assist them in labeling emotions, and coach them in how to deal effectively with emotions. Since the children of emotion-coaching parents are better at soothing themselves
when they get upset, more effective in regulating their negative affect, focus their attention better, and have fewer behavior problems than the children of emotion-dismissing parents, this is a good approach to helping children cope with their parents' divorce.
Name and briefly describe the two stages of moral reasoning in children as identified by Jean Piaget; provide an example of each. Answer: Piaget concluded that children go through two distinct stages in how they think about morality. From about 4 to 7 years of age, children display
heteronomous morality, where children think of justice and rules as unchangeable properties of the world, removed from the control of people. From 7 to 10 years of age, children are in a transition showing some features of the first stage of moral reasoning
and some stages of the second stage, autonomous morality. From about 10 years of age and older, children show autonomous morality.
They become aware that rules and laws are created by people, and in judging an action they consider the actor's intentions as well as the consequences.
Compare and contrast the three major social theories of gender. Which would you argue is the dominant approach today? Answer: Three main social theories of gender have been proposed—social role theory, psychoanalytic theory, and social cognitive theory.
Alice Eagly proposed the social role theory, which states that gender differences result from the contrasting roles of women and men. The psychoanalytic theory of gender stems from Freud's view that the preschool child develops a sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent.
At 5 or 6 years of age, the child renounces this attraction because of anxious feelings. Subsequently, the child identifies with the same-sex parent, unconsciously adopting the same-sex parent's characteristics.
According to the social cognitive theory of gender, children's gender development occurs through observing and imitating what other people say and do, and through being rewarded and punished for gender-appropriate and gender-inappropriate behavior.
Cultures around the world tend to give mothers and fathers different roles in parenting. Describe the different socializing strategies that mothers and fathers use in raising their children. Answer: In many cultures, mothers socialize their daughters to be more obedient and responsible than their sons.
They also place more restrictions on daughters' autonomy. Fathers, on the other hand, show more attention to sons than daughters, engage in more activities with sons, and put forth more effort to promote sons' intellectual development.
List four characteristics that are generally associated with the firstborn child. Discuss what accounts for these differences. Answer: A recent review concluded that "firstborns are the most intelligent, achieving, and conscientious.
Compared with later-born children, firstborn children have also been described as more adult-oriented, helpful, conforming, and self-controlled. Proposed explanations for differences related to birth order usually point to variations in interactions
with parents and siblings associated with being in a particular position in the family.
In one study, mothers became more negative, coercive, and restraining and played less with the firstborn following the birth of a second child.
Should parents stay in an unhappy or conflicted marriage for the sake of their children? Answer: If the stresses and disruptions in family relationships associated with an unhappy, conflict-ridden marriage that erode the well-being of children are reduced by the move to a divorced
, single-parent family, divorce can be advantageous. However, if the diminished resources and increased risks associated with divorce also are accompanied by inept parenting and sustained or increased conflict, not only between the divorced couple but also among the parents, children, and siblings, the
best choice for the children would be that an unhappy marriage is retained. It is difficult to determine how these "ifs"
will play out when parents either remain together in an acrimonious marriage or become divorced.
Males and females are likely to evoke different responses from adults
a. from the first day of life
b. as early as six months of age
c. about the time they acquire a basic gender identity
d. once they achieve gender constancy
from the first day of life
Each society considers certain values, motives, and behaviors more appropriate for members of one sex than for members of another. These prescriptions are known as
a. gender-role preferences
b. gender-role identities
c. gender-role standards
d. gender schemas
gender-role standards
Mr. and Mrs. Harmon have two children, Jim and Jane. They tell Jim that he might grow up to be an engineer, since men are good at math, and that Jane might become a nurse, since women are empathic and thus well-suited for the caregiving profession. The Harmons' messages reflect what the text refers to as
a. gender-identities
b. gender-role standards
c. gender-role preferences
d. gender-role stereotypes
gender-role stereotypes
Among the gender-role stereotypes that appear to be ACCURATE is that
a. females are more verbally aggressive than men
b. females are more suggestible that males
c. males outperform females on tests of visual/spatial ability
d. males are more analytical than females
males outperform females on tests of visual/spatial ability
By age 2 1/2 to 3 years, children
a. know whether they are boys or girls
b. know that gender is a permanent attribute
c. know most traditional gender-role stereotypes
d. all of the above
know whether they are boys or girls
Mary thinks of herself as a male and prefers masculine activities. Mary's biological sex thus differs from her
a. gender-role stereotypes
b. gender identity
c. gender constancy
d. all of the above
gender identity
Compared to their earlier viewpoints on gender-role violations, older children become _______ about such violations, particularly those undertaken by _____.
a. more flexible; girls
b. more flexible; boys
c. more critical; girls
d. more critical; boys
more flexible; girls
A second round of gender chauvinism appears in ____ as young as people experience ___.
a. adolescence; gender segregation
b. adolescence; gender intensification
c. young adulthood; gender intensification
d. young adulthood; role requirements associated with marriage.
adolescence; gender intensification
Boys face stronger pressures than girls to adhere to "gender-appropriate" codes of conduct because
a. parents are quicker to discourage the cross-sex activities of their sons than their daughters
b. parents perceive a wider range of activities as appropriate for girls than for boys
c. tomboyism is tolerated to some extent, whereas "sissyish" behavior is not
d. all of the above
all of the above
An androgenized female is one who
a. has an extra X chromosome
b. has an extra Y chromosome
c. has been exposed prenatally to make sex hormones
d. is insensitive to the effects of testosterone
has been exposed prenatally to male sex hormones
Androgenized females _______.
a. often display strong interests in masculine activities
b. have developed a large number of both masculine and feminine attributes
c. provide some support for the notion that elevated concentrations of male sex hormones influence the activity preferences of human females
d. often display strong interests in masculine activities and provide some support for the notion that elevated concentrations of male sex hormones influence the activity preferences of human females
often display strong interests in masculine activities and provide some support for the notion that elevated concentrations of male sex hormones influence the activity preferences of human females
Androgynous females
a. are more aggressive than most males
b. display a large number of both masculine and feminine characteristics
c. display few masculine or feminine characteristics
d. have been exposed prenatally to male sex hormones
display a large number of both masculine and feminine characteristics
Children from permissive societies are permitted or even encouraged to engage in sex-play in order to
a. prepare them for adult roles
b. teach them that sexual activities cause neither warts nor blindness
c. keep them quiet when food is scarce
d. quickly replenish the population after a natural disaster
prepare them for adult roles
In relatively non-permissive societies such as the US, most children and adolescents learn about sexually explicit matters from contacts with their
a. parents
b. siblings
c. peers
d. grandparents
peers
Compared to older mothers, adolescent mothers tend to
a. know less about child development
b. be less sensitive and responsive to their infants
c. receive little support from the child's father
d. all of the above
all of the above
Attachment in 1-2 year olds is often measured using this assessment
Strange situation
This term is used when the infant explores, but keeps checking back with his or her mother
Secure base
If a mom is rejecting, and her infant displays no fear/distress, what is the likely attachment category?
Avoidant
Bowlby theorized that the "internal working model of attachment" becomes part of one's personality in this stage of his theory
Formation of a reciprocal relationship
Infants prefer their mothers smell. This is an example of this type of behavior
Experience expectant
In middle childhood, identity tends to be based on...
psychological characteristics
Adolescents who simply refuse to confront the challenge of charting a life course and committing to an ideology are in a state of
identity diffusion
According to Erikson, a possible outcome for the stage teenagers go through is
1. a unified, consistent self image
2. a negative identity, seen as undesirable by mainstream groups
3. diffusion
The top of Maslow's Hierarchy is
transcendence
This concept may limit how we see others
scripts
Acquiring skills because of a natural desire to control one's environment is known as this
mastery motivation
If a child prefers to accomplish a task on his own, without outside help, he has this quality
intrinsic motivation
If I say my successes are due to my abilities and effort, I have this type of attribution
Internal locus of control
"Joy in Mastery" is a stage of achievement that encompasses this age range
0-2 years
If one believes failures are due to one's lack of ability, this attitude may develop
Learned helplessness
At this age, a child knows gender is an unchanging attribute
5-7 years
"Females are less active" is an example of this
Small, but real, psychological difference between genders
The corpus callosum is bigger in _____.
Women
A young teen is more likely to take this attitude towards how to respond to gender role stereotypes
Feeling a need to conform to them (being rigid rather than flexible)
This is the magnification of sex differences
Gender intensification
A female who has been exposed prenatally to male sex hormones
Androgenized female
Emphasizing failures comes from a lack of effort, not ability, would be a part of this technique.
Attribution retraining
According to Maslow, these needs are in a classification that means the needs continues to motivate us even as that need is being met.
Being needs
According to Erikson, one will likely experience this if the crisis posed during the identity vs. identity confusion stage is not successfully met
depression or a lack of self confidence
When Weiner looked at how people attributed success and failure, he not only looked at whether attributions were internal or external, but also this factor
Stable vs unstable
if a test is viewed as covering the concept is purports to measure, it has this quality
Face Validity
Which is a difference between males and females that research supports?
a. Females are happier
b. Males have better comprehension
c. Males are smarter overall (IQ scores)
d. Females are less active
d. Females are less active
Which is FALSE about gender role standards?
a. Men are more likely to adopt instrumental roles
b. Women are encouraged to adopt expressive roles
c. These are values and behaviors considered to be more appropriate for one sex than another
d. Gender role standards are the same across all cultures
d. Gender role standards are the same across all cultures
.Which is NOT a myth about gender differences?
a. Females are more social
b. Females have smaller brains
c. Females are better at repetition, males at processing
d. Males are more analytical
b. Females have smaller brains
Which is a brain difference between males and females?
a. The corpus callosum is larger in males
b. There are differences found in the hypothalamus
c. There are no brain differences between genders
d. The brain stem is larger in females
There are differences found in the hypothalamus
1. In middle childhood, identity tends to be based on:
a. Physical characteristics
b. Psychological characteristics
c. Unique combinations of characteristics
d. Unique inner characteristics
Psychological characteristics
1. Moratorium would best be described as:
a. Active exploration, without a commitment to an identity
b. A commitment to an identity after exploration
c. A commitment to an identity without exploration
d. No exploration of or commitment to an identity
Active exploration, without a commitment to an identity
1. Which is true about Maslow's hierarchy of needs?
a. 1-4 are considered to be 'being needs'
b. Levels 5-8 are considered to be 'deficit needs'
c. One is motivated to meet a deficit need if one doesn't 'have it', but once you meet that need you can move on to the next level
d. Everyone will eventually move to the top of the hierarchy
One is motivated to meet a deficit need if one doesn't 'have it', but once you meet that need you can move on to the next level
1. Scripts:
a. Are associated with Level 4 of Maslow's hierarchy
b. May limit how we see others
c. Become stronger as we move up the hierarchy
d. Help us to 'self-actualize' as they tend to open us up to new experiences
May limit how we see others
A behavior that would be considered to be 'experience expectant' in developing attachment could be when a newborn:
a. prefers his mother's voice over a stranger's
b. makes eye contact
c. looks at human faces longer than other objects
d. all of the above
all of the above
A child and parent take turns, pointing at objects, and 'talking'. This would be known as:
a. Interactional synchrony
b. Experience expectant behavior
c. Intrusiveness
d. Sensitivity
Interactional synchrony
Developmentalists use the term _____ to describe children's intrinsic motivation to respond to challenges and "adapt to" their environments.
a. accommodation
b. competence motivation
c. mastery motivation
d. achievement motivation
mastery motivation
Mastery motivation
a. appears to be inborn
b. does not appear until the infant can recognize his(her) mirror image
c. is an acquired attribute
d. emerges in a competitive environment
appears to be inborn
John works alone at a puzzle for a half-hour and fails to complete it. He then frowns, says "I'm no good at this" and feels bad. We might conclude that John is at the _____ phase of learning to evaluate accomplishments.
a. joy in mastery
b. approval seeking
c. use of standards
d. extrinsic orientation
use of standards
According to Stipek and her associates, young children begin to show their pride (rather than pleasure) in mastering a challenge and true shame (rather than disappointment) when they fail to achieve once they
a. can recognize themselves in a mirror
b. have adopted performance standards that define success and nonsuccess
c. interpret losing a competition as a clear failure
d. know that successes typically elicit approval from others, whereas nonsuccess may elicit disapproval
have adopted performance standards that define success and nonsuccess
According to Weiner's cognitive theory of achievement, a person's future achievement behavior in a particular domain depends very heavily on his/her
a. general intelligence
b. achievement motivation
c. motivation to avoid failure
d. causal attributions for past performance in that domain
causal attributions for past performance in that domain
According to Weiner's attribution theory, which of the following is said to be a stable cause for an achievement outcome?
a. amount of effort expended
b. luck
c. both of these
d. none of these
none of these
Children younger than 6 years old expect to _____ at novel achievement tasks because they _____.
a. fail; overestimate the difficulty of the task
b. fail; view themselves as incompetent
c. succeed; underestimate the difficulty of the task
d. succeed; view themselves as competent
succeed; view themselves as competent
Children who display the learned helplessness syndrome
a. tend to attribute their failures to a lack of ability
b. show marked deterioration of performance after experiencing a failure
c. often have previous academic attainments that equal or exceed those of their mastery-oriented classmates
d. tend to attribute their failures to a lack of ability and show marked deterioration of performance after experiencing a failure
e. all of these
all of these
A technique that appears effective at helping children to overcome the learned helplessness syndrome is one in which
a. children are given problems that they will fail and encouraged to attribute these failures to a lack of effort
b. children are given problems that they will fail and encouraged to attribute their failures to a lack of ability
c. children are given problems that they will pass and are thus convinced that they have the ability to succeed
d. children are rewarded for their successes and encouraged to attribute their failures to a fussy evaluator
children are given problems that they will fail and encouraged to attribute these failures to a lack of effort
Dweck's research implies that children who regularly receive _____ after succeeding are likely to adopt learning goals in achievement contexts which makes them inclined to try to _____.
a. person praise; demonstrate their competencies
b. process praise; demonstrate their competencies
c. person praise; improve their competencies
d. process praise; improve their competencies
process praise; improve their competencies
Recent research indicates that _____ is an important contributor to ethnic differences in academic achievement.
a. subtle ethnic differences in parenting practices
b. endorsement of academic goals by ethnic peers
c. both of these
d. none of these
both of these
Stereotype threat often creates a disruptive anxiety that can undermine student performance
a. in situations where performances are evaluated
b. in nonevaluative exercises
c. both of these
d. none of these
in situations where performances are evaluated
. Compensatory education for disadvantaged students has been especially successful at
a. producing long-term gains in IQ
b. turning disadvantaged students into high achievers
c. producing better academic attitudes and helping disadvantaged students to meet basic scholastic requirements
d. producing long-term gains in IQ and turning disadvantaged students into high achievers
producing better academic attitudes and helping disadvantaged students to meet basic scholastic requirements
If a young child points to his image in a photograph and says "me" after simply looking intently at photos of other children, we might take this behavior as evidence that the child
a. has a sense of categorical self
b. distinguishes his public and private selves
c. has achieved self-recognition
d. has reached Erikson's stage of "initiative vs. guilt"
has achieved self-recognition
One social experience that appears to promote the development of self-recognition and social cognition is
a. frequent exposure to mirrors in infancy
b. secure attachments with caregivers
c. heavy exposure to opposite-sex agemates
d. all of these
secure attachments with caregivers
One social experience that may contribute greatly to autobiographical memories and a child's sense of extended self is (are) _____ .
a. parental statements such as "You're a big boy."
b. cooperative interactions with peer playmates
c. conversations with siblings about pretend play roles
d. conversations with parents about noteworthy past events that they have shared with the child
conversations with parents about noteworthy past events that they have shared with the child
One line of evidence that even preschool children may display some "psychological" self-awareness is the observation that they
a. occasionally use trait words (for example, "she's mean") to describe others
b. are quite aware of regularities in their own conduct and can describe them if asked the right questions
c. know that they are either boys or girls
d. think that they are good at most activities and have high self-esteem
are quite aware of regularities in their own conduct and can describe them if asked the right
A well-developed _____ is thought to underlie a child's ability to distinguish "public" and "private" aspects of self.
a. object concept
b. operational intelligence (that is, concrete-operational)
c. theory of mind
d. capacity for symbolism
theory of mine
Development of a belief-desire theory of mind implies that a child thinks that
a. beliefs and desires are different mental states and that either or both can influence a person's conduct
b. beliefs only influence one's conduct when they reflect one's desire
c. beliefs only influence one's conduct when they are inconsistent with one's desires
d. desires are more important than beliefs in determining a person's conduct
beliefs and desires are different mental states and that either or both can influence a person's conduct
. Children's self-concepts become more and more _____ over the course of childhood as they begin to incorporate _____ into their self-descriptions.
a. abstract; psychological attributes
b. concrete; behavioral attributes
c. positive; socially desirable activities
d. public; private knowledge
abstract; psychological attributes
A significant change in self-descriptions that occurs between ages 9 and 11 is a shift from
a. physical characteristics to inner qualities
b. inner qualities to action statements
c. subjective to objective self-evaluations
d. action statements to proverbial characterizations of self
physical characteristics to inner qualities
According to Erikson, establishing an identity involves
a. integration of the id and the superego
b. searching for a unified and consistent self-image
c. breaking away from parental influence
d. attempting to bolster one's ego
searching for a unified and consistent self-image
James Marcia suggests that adolescents who simply refuse to confront the challenge of charting a life course and committing to an ideology are in a state of
a. identity diffusion
b. foreclosure
c. identity achievement
d. moratorium
identity diffusion
. If asked to describe a well-known acquaintance, a 5-year-old will typically respond by mentioning the acquaintance's
a. motives and intentions
b. possessions and physical attributes
c. personality traits
d. strengths and shortcomings
possessions and physical attributes
. Selman described the friendships of Stage 2 (that is, 8- 10-year-old) children as "fair-weather" alliances characterized by
a. the exchange of intimate thoughts and feelings
b. lack of pressure to reciprocate kindnesses a friend has displayed
c. strong pressure to reciprocate niceties to maintain the friendship
d. a tendency to label playmates who "play the way I want to" as friends
strong pressure to reciprocate niceties to maintain the friendship
A child who recognizes that true friends exchange intimate thoughts and feelings rather than superficial courtesies and tangible commodities has probably reached Selman's Stage _____ or _____ .
a. 0; egocentric role-taking
b. 1; social-informational role-taking
c. 2; self-reflective role-taking
d. 3; mutual role-taking
3; mutual role-taking
Recent research suggests that _____ may be particularly important at fostering the development of role-taking skills and interpersonal understanding.
a. disagreements with peers
b. disagreements with opposite-sex peers
c. disagreements among close friends
d. disagreements among nonfriends
disagreements among close friends
. An attachment relationship is characterized by
a. an extreme dependence of the attached parties on each other
b. the desire of attached parties to maintain proximity to one another
c. an inability of attached parties to function adequately in each other's absence
d. all of these
the desire of attached parties to maintain proximity to one another
A good index as to whether an infant has established an attachment with a specific adult would be if the infant were to
a. cry a lot at home
b. smile a lot in the presence of strangers
c. engage in behaviors that promote proximity with that adult
d. become quiet and apathetic when in the proximity of that adult
engage in behaviors that promote proximity with that adult
. Interactional synchrony refers to the
a. solitary but coordinated play behaviors of the pre-attached infant
b. meshing of parental and infant affect and behavior during face-to-face interactions
c. finding that interactions proceed more smoothly with attractive rather than unattractive babies
d. coordination of a woman's motherly and wifely roles
meshing of parental and infant affect and behavior during face-to-face interactions
Research on multiple attachments in the first year of life indicates that
a. infants have an attachment hierarchy in which their first attachment object remains their most preferred companion
b. infants have an attachment hierarchy in which the person who feeds them remains their most preferred companion
c. different attachment objects serve different functions, typically with fathers being preferred as protectors and comforters and mothers being preferred as playmates
d. different attachment objects serve different functions, typically with mothers being preferred as protectors and comforters and fathers being preferred as playmates
different attachment objects serve different functions, typically with mothers being preferred as protectors and comforters and fathers being preferred as playmates
Harlow and Zimmerman's (1959) classic "surrogate mother" study with monkeys showed that
a. attachment follows different courses in monkeys and humans
b. monkeys must have achieved a certain level of object permanence before they will form attachments
c. contact comfort delayed the onset of stranger anxiety
d. feeding is not the primary determinant of attachments in monkeys
feeding is not the primary determinant of attachments in monkeys
The theorist who would most likely stress that infants play an active role in the attachment process is
a. John Bowlby
b. Harry Harlow
c. Erik Erikson
d. Sigmund Freud
John Bowlby
. In the "Strange Situation" procedure, researchers pay particular attention to
a. how much time the mother spends interacting with her infant
b. the infant's exploration of a strange room, and his or her behavior when the mother returns after a separation
c. whether the infant shares toys with another, unfamiliar infant
d. the infant's reactions to unfamiliar mechanical toys
the infant's exploration of a strange room, and his or her behavior when the mother returns after a separation
A securely attached infant in the Strange-Situation is
a. visibly distressed when her mother leaves the room
b. wary of strangers in the mother's absence
c. happy to see the mother when she returns
d. all of these
all of these
Susan and her mother are participating in the "Strange Situation." When Susan's mother returns to the room, Susan acts resentful but moves closer, staying near until Mom tries to hug her. Susan's attachment classification is most likely
a. secure
b. resistant
c. avoidant
d. disorganized/disoriented
resistant
. Fourteen-month-old John sees his mother return to the room after a separation episode in the "Strange Situation." He runs halfway to her and suddenly turns and moves just as quickly away. John's attachment is probably
a. secure
b. resistant
c. avoidant
d. disorganized/disoriented
disorganized/disoriented
Mothers who are generally affectionate but who tend to respond to their child when they feel like being responsive are likely to have children who are
a. securely attached
b. resistant
c. avoidant
d. disorganized/disoriented
resistant
A mother who is inconsistent in her caregiving--sometimes enthusiastic and involved and sometimes distant--is most likely to have a child who has a
a. resistant attachment
b. secure attachment
c. disorganized/disoriented attachment
d. avoidant attachment
resistant attachment
Zoe loves her infant and consistently tries to stimulate him in play, particularly when he shows signs of becoming fussy. This treatment might be expected to lead her son to form a(n)
a. resistant attachment
b. secure attachment
c. disorganized/disoriented attachment
d. avoidant attachment
avoidant attachment
When caregivers are clinically depressed
a. their infants will form disorganized/disoriented attachments
b. their infants become hyperactive and fussy with them but show adequate social skills when interacting with other nondepressed adults
c. their infants are likely to form secure attachments nonetheless
d. their infants are at risk of forming some kind of insecure attachment
their infants are at risk of forming some kind of insecure attachment
Recent research on the interplay between caregiving, infant temperament, and attachments reveals that
a. quality of caregiving is the most important factor in determining whether an infants's attachment with a caregiver is secure or insecure
b. infant temperament is the most important factor in determining whether an infant's attachment with a caregiver is secure or insecure
c. infant temperament is a strong predictor of the specific type of insecurity that infants with insecure attachments display
d. quality of caregiving is the most important factor in determining whether an infants' attachment with a caregiver is secure or insecure and infant temperament is a strong predictor of the specific type of insecurity that infants with insecure attachments display
quality of caregiving is the most important factor in determining whether an infants' attachment with a caregiver is secure or insecure and infant temperament is a strong predictor of the specific type of insecurity that infants with insecure attachments display
Gender intensification occurs during ____ and is thought to most clearly reflect ____.
A. middle childhood; peer pressure to behave appropriately for one's sex
B. middle childhood; fathers becoming more involved with sons and mothers becoming more involved with daughters
C. adolescence; peer pressure to conform and to succeed socially with members of the other sex
D. adolescence; academic pressures to pursue curricula that are most appropriate for one's sex
C.
Research indicates that most teenagers today believe the premarital sex is
A. always morally wrong
B. acceptble as long as the partners are emotionally involved
C. acceptable for males but not for females
D. perfectly acceptable under almost all circumstances
B.
Sex differences in play patterns and a clear preference for same-sex peers have been found to
A. not be clearly evident until the late elementary school years
B. emerge after starting school
C. first be evident in the play of preschoolers (about 4-5 years of age)
D. be evident in toddlers (18 months-3 years of age) and to increase throughout the elementary school years
D.
Recent research with fourth- through eighth-graders revealed that among this age range, children who show the best patterns of adjustment are
A. androgenous
B. gender-typical but who feel free to explore cross-gender options
C. masculine gender-typed
D. undifferentiated (low in both masculinity and femininity)
B.
Gender-typing refers to
A. the inheritance of a set of sex chromosomes that determine one's gender
B. the medical technique used to determine the sex of the fetus in utero
C. the processes through which children acquire gender appropriate identities, values, and behaviors
D. the process of classifying individuals on the basis of gender rather than personality
C.
____ provides a good illustration of the expressive gender-role.
A. Women are expected to be good at reading but not at math
B. Men are not supposed to cry or otherwise express emotion
C. Women are expected to be cooperative and sensitive to others
D. Men are expected to show a greater need to express sexual urges than women
C.
Research on the influence of gender-role stereotyping on television reveals that
A. only boys are influenced by viewing stereotyped gender-role portrayals
B. viewing stereotyped gender-role portrayals is associated with stereotyped gender-role attitudes in both boys and girls
C. only girls are influenced by viewing stereotyped gender-role portrayals
D. television portrayals of gender roles are not related to children's gender-role attitudes
B.
Children from "countercultural" homes in which parents strive to promote egalitarian sex-role attitudes are ____ than children from traditional homes.
A. less gender-stereotyped in their gender-role beliefs
B. less gender-typed in their toy and activity preferences
C. both of these
D. none of these
A.
Children from permissive societies are permitted or even encouraged to engage in sex-play in order to
A. prepare them for adult roles
B. teach them that sexual activities cause neither warts nor blindness
C. keep them quiet when food is scarce
D. quickly replenish the population after a natural disaster
A.
Children first place males and females into different "categories"
A. by 6 months of age, on the basis of vocal cues
B. by 6 months of age, on the basis of hairstyles
C. by 9-12 months of age, on the basis of vocal cues
D. by 9-12 months of age, on the basis of hairstyles
A.
The text emphasized that ____ children show intrinsic motivation to seek gender-role information and acquire gender-appropriate behaviors.
A. in infancy and toddlerhood
B. after 3 years of age
C. not until after 6-7 years of age do
D. not until adolescence do
B.
Children first begin to show some awareness of gender-role stereotypes
A. by the end of the first year
B. by the time they acquire object permanence
C. about the time they acquire gender constancy
D. about the time they acquire a basic gender identity
D.
According to Bem, androgynous individuals are more ____ than those who are traditionally gender-typed.
A. adaptable
B. intelligent
C. sexually active
D. socially anxious
A.
Mr. and Mrs. Harmon have two children, Jim and Jane. They tell Jim that he might grow up to be an engineer, since men are good at math, and that Jane might become a nurse, since women are empathic and thus well-suited for the caregiving profession. The Harmons' messages reflect what the text refers to as
A. gender identities
B. gender-role standards
C. gender-role preferences
D. gender-role stereotypes
D.
Research suggests that boys score higher than girls in
A. self-esteem
B. compliance with authority figures
C. both of these
D. none of these
A.
One contribution of the recent psychobiosocial theory of development is to illuminate a process by which ____.
A. biological and social factors interact to influence development
B. genes influence verbal and visual-spatial skills
C. hormones influence girls' activity preferences
D. establishment of psychological masculinity/femininity influences reactions to hormonal changes that occur at puberty
A.
Recent research indicates that ____ is a particularly effective method of promoting regular condom use among sexually active teens.
A. sex education stressing abstinence
B. discussions with parents about condom use before teens become sexually active
C. discussions with parents about condom use after teens initiate sexual activity
D. free distribution of condoms by school nurses and public health departments
B.
The theory that best explains gender-typing during the first three years is ____, whereas ____ seems to be a better explanation for the development of gender-typed interests between ages 3 and 6.
A. gender schema theory; social learning theory
B. gender schema theory; cognitive-developmental theory
C. social learning theory; cognitive-developmental theory
D. social learning theory; gender schema theory
D.
Studies of the sexual behavior of adolescents in recent years reveal that
A. girls are more likely than boys to feel that sex and love should go together
B. rates of sexual activity have declined somewhat from those of the 1970s and 1980s
C. a clear majority of 15-year-olds have had sex, usually with multiple partners
D. girls are more likely than boys to feel that sex and love should go together and rates of sexual activity have declined somewhat from those of the 1970s and 1980s
E. all of these
D.
One sign that gender stereotypes may be having less influence in recent years on girls' academic performance in math and science is that ____.
A. high school girls in some studies value math as much as boys do and view themselves just as competent at math as boys
B. the percentages of women earning advanced degrees in science, engineering, and medicine has increased dramatically
C. both of these
D. none of these
C.
When children begin to draw sharp distinctions between the sexes on psychological dimensions, they first learn
A. positive traits that characterize their own gender and negative traits that characterize the other gender
B. negative traits that characterize their own gender and positive traits that characterize the other gender
C. positive traits that characterize each gender
D. negative traits that characterize each gender
A.
Androgenized females ____.
A. often display strong interests in masculine activities
B. have developed a large number of both masculine and feminine attributes
C. provide some support for the notion that elevated concentrations of male sex hormones influence the activity preferences of human females
D. often display strong interests in masculine activities and provide some support for the notion that elevated concentrations of male sex hormones influence the activity preferences of human females
E. all of these
D.
Margaret Mead's (1935) observations of gender-roles in three New Guinea tribes suggest that
A. males and females are biologically programmed for different kinds of attributes and behaviors
B. gender-role socialization plays a crucial role in determining a child's gender-role preferences and behaviors
C. both of these
D. none of these
B.
The central premise of Money and Ehrhardt's biosocial theory of gender-role development is that
A. biology is more important than socialization at determining the outcomes of gender-typing
B. socialization is more important than biology at determining the outcomes of gender-typing
C. biological and social forces interact to determine the outcome of gender-typing
D. none of these
C.
Martin and Halverson's gender schema theory proposes that children begin to socialize themselves into gender roles as soon as they ____.
A. acquire a mature sense of object permanence
B. have established a basic gender identity
C. reach gender stability
D. reach gender consistency
B.
Evidence cited in the text regarding the influence of parents and teachers in promoting gender-stereotyped attitudes about achievement indicates that ____ have different expectations and/or respond differently to boys and girls.
A. parents
B. teachers
C. both parents and teachers
D. neither parents nor teachers
C.
Boys face stronger pressures than girls to adhere to "gender-appropriate" codes of conduct because
A. parents are quicker to discourage the cross-sex activities of their sons than their daughters
B. parents perceive a wider range of activities as appropriate for girls than for boys
C. tomboyism is tolerated to some extent, whereas "sissyish" behavior is not
D. all of these
D.
Research suggests that girls score higher than boys in
A. verbal aggression
B. verbal abilities
C. suggestibility
D. all of these
B.
Those who are most inclined to become sexually active early in adolescence are
A. adolescents from low-income rather than middle-class families
B. good students, who are more likely than poor students to be trusted by parents
C. teenagers whose friends and siblings are sexually active
D. adolescents from low-income rather than middle-class families and teenagers whose friends and siblings are sexually active
E. all of these
D.
In relatively nonpermissive societies such as the United States, most children and adolescents learn about sexually explicit matters from contacts with their
A. parents
B. siblings
C. peers
D. grandparents
C.
Recent studies of adolescents' sexual explorations on-line find that
A. older adolescents are almost obsessed with sexual matters in online chat rooms
B. boys act in ways that suggest they are seeking partners
C. girls act in ways that suggest they are trying to attract partners
D. boys act in ways that suggest they are seeking partners and girls act in ways that suggest they are trying to attract partners
E. all of these
D.
African American children may have a less stereotyped view of the sexes than White children do because
A. African American fathers are less stereotyped in their caregiving routines, parenting much like African American mothers do
B. a greater percentage of African-American mothers are enacting the instrumental role by working and functioning as single parents
C. both of these
D. none of these
C.
Gender segregation appears to be stronger among ____.
A. boys than among girls
B. girls than among boys
C. children who hold more stereotyped views of the sexes
D. adolescents than grade-school children
C.
Developmental deficits shown by children of teenage mothers are likely due, in part, to
A. birth complications experienced by teenage mothers who receive poor prenatal care
B. insensitive parenting by teenage mothers, who lack knowledge about child development
C. their families' economic disadvantage
D. all of these
D.
In contrast to the 1950s, contemporary research on adolescent sexual behavior indicates that
A. today's adolescents masturbate less than their predecessors
B. adolescents today are less likely to engage in sexual intercourse
C. adolescent females are about as likely as adolescent males to have had sexual intercourse
D. the sexual behavior of males has changed more than that of females
C.
In Money and Ehrhardt's biosocial theory of gender-typing, the first critical event in gender-role development is ____, an event which ensures that ____.
A. the inheritance of an X or a Y chromosome from the father; the fetus will develop ovaries (with an X chromosome) or testes (with a Y chromosome)
B. the inheritance of an X or a Y chromosome from the mother; the fetus will develop ovaries (with an X chromosome) or testes (with a Y chromosome)
C. the development of testes or ovaries; the fetus will develop a penis and scrotum (if testes have formed) or a clitoris and labia (if ovaries have formed)
D. the development of male or female external genitalia; males will be raised as males and females will be raised as females
A.
One sex difference that appears to be accurate is that
A. boys are more analytical than girls
B. girls are more sociable than boys
C. girls are more suggestible than boys
D. boys take more risks than girls do
D.
Whiting and Edwards studied children in 12 different cultures with respect to their preferences for same-sex playmates. They found
A. most cultures do not show the marked same-sex playmate preference seen in the U.S.
B. that the same-sex playmate preference is common, but typically declines during childhood
C. that the same-sex preference is common and increases during childhood
D. markedly varying degrees of preference across cultures
C.
One's gender identity includes
A. the knowledge "I am a boy/girl"
B. the knowledge "I will always be a boy/girl"
C. the judgment "I am contented/non contented with my biological sex
D. the knowledge "I am a boy/girl" and the knowledge "I will always be a boy/girl"
E. all of these
E.
Developmental deficits displayed by children of teenage mothers are much less likely to emerge if the teen mother is ____.
A. married
B. Hispanic or African American
C. eligible for public assistance
D. all of these
A.
____ theorists view differential reinforcement of gender-typed behaviors as the primary contributor to gender-typed toy preferences and the child's basic gender identity.
A. biosocial
B. psychoanalytic
C. social-learning
D. cognitive-developmental
E. gender schema
C.
What conclusion can be drawn regarding the magnitude of sex differences?
A. sex differences are quite substantial on some characteristics
B. gender accounts for almost 50% of the variation in children's behavior
C. a child's math ability, fearfulness, and aggressiveness can be predicted by knowing the child's gender
D. all of the above
E. sex differences are typically quite small; males and females are more psychologically similar than different
E.
Recent research with girls displaying congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is consistent with Money and Ehrhardt's notion that ____.
A. prenatal exposure to cross-sex hormones influences the behavior of animals but not humans
B. women can be socialized to overcome hormonal influences
C. prenatal exposure to androgen may promote the development of masculine interests and behaviors
D. only males are influenced much by prenatal exposure to androgen
C.
Recent studies of adolescents' sexual explorations on-line find that
A. older adolescents are almost obsessed with sexual matters in online chat rooms
B. boys act in ways that suggest they are seeking partners
C. girls act in ways that suggest they are trying to attract partners
D. boys act in ways that suggest they are seeking partners and girls act in ways that suggest they are trying to attract partners
E. all of these
D.
Once children acquire "in group-out group" schemas, they tend to
A. remember information that is consistent with their gender stereotypes
B. transform schema-inconsistent information so that it becomes more consistent with their gender stereotypes
C. both of these
D. none of these
C.
Martin and Halverson's "gender schema" theory proposes that once children have ____, they develop two kinds of gender schemas. The gender schemas that account for their greater in-depth knowledge of gender-appropriate activities and behaviors are ____.
A. established a basic gender identity; own-sex schemas
B. established a basic gender identity; "in group-out group" schemas
C. reached gender constancy; own-sex schemas
D. reached gender constancy, "in group-out group" schemas
A.
Parents who show the clearest pattern of differential reinforcement with regard to gender-typed behaviors have children who are relatively quick
A. to label themselves as boys or girls
B. to develop strong gender-typed toy and activity preferences
C. to acquire knowledge about gender-role stereotypes
D. all of these
D.
According to Martin and Halverson's gender schema theory, once children have ____, they will acquire two kinds of gender schemas. The "own sex" schema implies ____.
A. established a basic gender identity; careful attention to gender appropriate activities and little attention to gender inappropriate activities
B. established a basic gender identity; careful attention to both gender appropriate and gender inappropriate activities, but a strong preference for the gender-appropriate activities
C. reached gender consistency; careful attention to gender appropriate activities and little attention to gender inappropriate activities
D. reached gender consistency; careful attention to both gender appropriate and gender inappropriate activities, but a strong preference for gender appropriate activities
A.
Androgynous females
A. are more aggressive than most males
B. display a large number of both masculine and feminine characteristics
C. display few masculine or feminine characteristics
D. have been exposed prenatally to male sex hormones
B.
Recent research implies that girls may perform worse than boys in such subjects as math and science in part because
A. they lack talent in these domains
B. they invest themselves broadly across many academic domains, without becoming exceptionally proficient in any domain
C. their teachers believe that boys are more talented and assign boys higher grades for same levels of performance
D. all of these
B.
Bem's theory of psychological androgyny asserts that
A. if a person scores very high in femininity, he or she must be low in masculinity
B. psychologically healthy individuals score low in both masculinity and femininity
C. it is desirable for an individual to simultaneously possess a number of traditionally masculine and traditionally feminine characteristics
D. inborn biological differences account for virtually all sex differences in personality
C.
The gender-role stereotypes held by 3- to 7-year-olds are
A. more flexible than those of older children
B. inconsistent from day to day
C. rigid and inflexible
D. inflexible with respect to personal mannerisms but flexible with respect to the occupations that males and females might pursue
C.
Bradbard et al. found that 4- to 9-year- olds remember more about objects that are believed to be gender-appropriate than about opposite-sex objects. This
finding was cited as supporting ____ theory of gender typing.
A. the biosocial
B. the social-learning
C. Kohlberg's cognitive-developmental
D. the gender schema
D.
The integrative theory of gender typing maintains that very young children(toddlers) display gender-consistent behaviors because
A. of their desire to be boys and girls
B. of their intrinsic motivation to seek out information about gender-consistent behaviors
C. children are self-socializers
D. other people encourage these activities
E.
Some knowledge of gender-role stereotypes first appears ____, and by ____, children agree that males and females differ on important psychological dimensions.
A. at age 2 1/2 to 3; age 4 to 5
B. at age 4 to 5; age 10 to 11
C. at age 10 to 11; early adolescence
D. at age 2 1/2 to 3; age 10 to 11
D.
Despite evidence to the contrary, inaccurate gender-role stereotypes persist because
A. people tend to note and recall instances in which males and females conform to these stereotypes
B. counterstereotypic behavior is likely to be distorted in ways to make it more consistent with the perceiver's stereotypes
C. both of these
D. none of these
C.
Bem's research on psychological androgyny suggests that androgynous people
A. perform like feminine gender-typed individuals on "feminine" tasks
B. perform like masculine gender-typed individuals on
"masculine" tasks
C. both of these
D. none of these
C.
Boys score higher than girls
A. on tests of arithmetic reasoning
B. on tests of computational skills
C. on tests of math concepts
D. all of these
A.
Compared to their earlier viewpoints on gender-role violations, older (i.e., 8- to 10-year- old) children become ____ about such violations, particularly those undertaken by ____.

A. more flexible; girls
B. more flexible; boys
C. more critical; girls
D. more critical; boys
A.
Evidence indicates that gender-role development is best explained by
A. biosocial/psychobiosocial theory
B. social learning theory
C. Kohlberg's cognitive-developmental theory
D. gender schema theory
E. an integrative approach that combines all the above
viewpoints
E.
The visual cues that 9-12- month-olds use to treat males and females as categorically distinct are ____; ____.
A. clothing; dresses versus pants
B. hairstyles; long hair versus short hair
C. enactment of gender-typed behaviors; comforter versus
playmate
D. genitalia; penis versus vagina
B.
By age 2 1/2 to 3 years, children
A. know whether they are boys or girls
B. know that gender is a permanent attribute
C. know most traditional gender-role stereotypes
D. are aware that males have penises and females do not
E. all of these
A.
The high levels of self-esteem found in androgynous individuals
A. conflict with their high levels of social anxiety
B. seem to reflect the masculine component of androgyny
C. is difficult to understand since peers rate androgynous individuals as less popular than their more traditionally gender-typed age mates
D. all of these
B.
Gender-stereotypes are less likely to undermine the achievement expectancies and academic performances of girls in math when girls ____.
A. are taught by female math instructors
B. have parents who are nontraditional in their gender-role attitudes and behaviors
C. are only children or have older sisters
D. can complete homework assignments without assistance
B.
Cross-cultural studies reveal that
A. gender-role standards vary widely from culture to culture
B. societies in which people live in small families are the ones that emphasize gender-typing the most
C. in most societies, boys face stronger pressures to be "obedient," whereas girls face stronger pressures to be "self-reliant"
D. many gender-role standards are similar from culture to culture
D.
The dichotomy between instrumental roles (for men) and expressive roles (for women)
A. is applicable only in Western societies
B. is applicable only in Third World, preliterate cultures
C. is widely held around the world
D. is held nowhere in the egalitarian climate of the modern era
C.
The ways in which the sexes are portrayed in the media
A. fosters stereotyped gender-role attitudes in children
B. fosters gender-typed toy and activity preferences
C. actually promotes more equalitarian gender-role attitudes in our modern era
D. fosters stereotyped gender-role attitudes in children and fosters gender-typed toy and activity preferences
E. none of the above; media portrays have few if any implications for gender-typing
D.
Maccoby and Jacklin's review of the literature suggests that
A. most gender-role stereotypes are reasonably accurate
B. most gender-role stereotypes are overstated or incorrect
C. gender-role stereotypes about males are much more accurate than those about females
D. gender-role stereotypes about females are much more accurate than those about males
B.
Diane Halpern's psychobiosocial viewpoint extends Money and Ehrhardt's biosocial theory by proposing that
A. the different socializing experiences that young boys and girls receive influences the structure of male and female brains
B. prenatal exposure to testosterone affects the course of fetal brain development
C. both of these
D. none of these
A.
Research has shown that the association of androgyny with high self-esteem can often be traced to the possession of
A. masculine traits
B. feminine traits
C. traits unique to androgyny
D. none of these
A.
Among the gender-role stereotypes that appear to be accurate is that
A. females are more verbally aggressive than males
B. females are more suggestible than males
C. males outperform females on tests of visual/spatial ability
D. males are more analytical than females
C.
For many boys and girls, first sexual attractions occur ____.
A. about age 3, as they begin to fondle their genitals
B. about age 10, with the secretion of increased androgen by the adrenal glands
C. at puberty, with increased productions of male and female sex hormones
D. with the erosion of the gender segregation boundary in adolescence
B.
Children born to teenage mothers often
A. show sizable intellectual deficits and emotional disturbances during the preschool years
B. recover to display adequate academic achievement and good peer relations later in childhood and adolescence
C. both of these
D. none of these
A.
____ have less gender-stereotyped attitudes than ____.
A. middle-class adolescents; agemates from the lower socioeconomic strata
B. African American children; European American children
C. both of these
D. none of these
C.
Aggressive acts that are preformed for purposed of achieving some objective other than doing harm are likely to be classified as ______
instrumental aggression
Many developmentalists are critical of ethologists' presumption that humans lack biologically based inhibitions against harm-doing, often citing ________ as such an inhibition
a capacity for empathy
Physical Aggression
increases until first grade and then stabilizes
Some hot-headed, oppositional children are at risk of becoming ________, a class of childcare that tends to be the most disliked of all
bully/victims
Gerald Patterson's research on familial contributions to aggression reveal that ______ contribute to hostile interactions as family members ________ aggressive patterns of behavior
coercive home environments; negatively reinforce
Characteristics of families with high levels of coercive behavior
-have few, if any, family rules
- have parents who are coercive problem solvers
-provide negative reinforcers for behavior
-are isolated from other families
Bandura might argue that the aggressive behaviors of the Standford "prison guards" disengaged from their behavior by ___________
displacement of responsibility
3 types of relational aggression and example of each
- Preschool: You can't be my friend unless....
- Middle School: Target of hostile rumors
-High School: Exclusion from social activities
According to the Schwartz et al study, victimization is related to what type of aggression?
reactive
List two ways that aggressive childcare display deficits in the encoding of cues (Step 1)
-impulsive, focus on hostile behavior/evidence
-incomplete
By the age of _______, children are spending *more* time with other children than with adults
5-6 years old
Early in adolescence, peer contacts become increasingly centered around _____
small friendship networks known as cliques
Measures that ask peers to nominate or rate their classmates' likability are called _____
Sociometric techniques
controversial children receive ___________ nominations on sociometric measures
many positive and many negative
Longitudinal research reveals that _____ children are the ones most likely to retain their sociometric status overtime
Rejected
By ____, children may have preferred playmates, or "friends", and respond differently to these individuals than to other peers
12-18 months
Barry & Wentzel's research suggests that friends might influence each other's prosocial behavior depending on ____
- the affective quality of their friendship
-how often they interact with each other
True or false: The percentage of time that boys spend with their friends remains stable from 5th to 9th grade.
True
The number of externalizing symptoms displayed by boys increases from 6th to 8th grade for _____
- aggressive-rejected boys
-nonrejected- aggressive boys
List 4 qualities of friendships that appear to be higher for girls
- validation/ caring
-help and guidance
-conflict resolution
-intimate exchange
Describe 3 ways in which students identified as Brains differed from students in other groups *over time* in the Prinstein & LaGreca study
they had:
-an increase in depression
-an increase in social anxiety
-an increase in loneliness
One of the first signs of an infants emerging sense of self is___
attempts to control objects and events
The self-description " I have green eyes and brown hair. I like to run and to swim at the pool" was probably made by a ____
5 year old
True or False: On average, the self-esteem of a 9 year old is the same as that of an 80 year old
False
The central components of Phinney's model of ethnic identity development are _____
- cultural values and attitudes
-sense of group membership and identity
-experience of minority status
In the Yip et al. study, what % of African American adults *NEVER* reached "achieved" identity status?
44%
According to Selman, an example of a Stage 3 perspective-taking response to the "Holly dilemma" is:
"Holly wanted the kitten because she likes kittens, but knew she couldn't climb the tree. Her father knew she can't climb tress but he couldn't have known about the kitten"
According to Graham & Hudley, negative effects of perceived discrimination might be attributed to _____
attribution styles
List 3 outcomes of streotype threat proposed by theorist
-anxiety
-reduced effort
-negative cognitions
Did the Good et al. study demonstrate that stereotype threat resulted in lower achievement test scores? Provide reasons for your answer
Yes. There was a difference between intervention groups. Females scored lower then males on math and it is a stereotype that boys are better at math than girls.
Are more likely to be overweight
Researchers have found that children who have sleep problems:
Motor vehicle accidents
The leading cause of death in young children
Cannot yet perform reversible mental actions
Piaget's pre operational stage is so named because he believed that children in this stage of development:
egocentrism
While talking to his grandmother on the phone, five year old Danny suddenly exclaims," Oh, look at that pretty bird!" When his grandmother asks him to describe the bird, Danny says,"Out there, out there! Right there grandma!" He finally gets frustrated and hangs up. This is an example of:
Animism
A young child might be heard saying "That tree pushed the leaf off and it fell down." The child's belief that the tree is capable of action is referred to as:
Constancy
Juan and his little sister, Anne, are each given a large cookie. Their mother breaks Anne's cookie into four pieces to enable her to eat it easily. Juan Immediately begins to cry and says that it is not fair for his sister to get so many cookies when he only has one. Juan is showing a lack of:
the range of tasks difficult for child to master alone but that can be learned with help from adults
Zone of proximal development (ZPD) is Vygotsky's term for:
Likely to be socially competent
Four-year old Michelle talks to herself frequently and especially when she is trying to solve a difficult problem. Lev Vygtosky would say that Michelle is:
her memories are highly susceptible to suggestion
six year-old shirley, a witness to robbery, was asked ti testify at the trial. The defense argues that her testimony would be invalid because:
Autism
Cynthia shows a number of behaviors different from children her age, including deficits in social interaction and communication as well as repetitive behaviors or interests. she is indifferent toward others and prefers to be alone. She is more interested in objects than people. It is MOST likely that she suffers from:
Executive Function
____ refers to an umbrella-like concept that consists of a number of higher level processes connected to the prefrontal cortex the play a role in managing thought to engage in goal-directed behavior and self-control
Poverty
Many of the deaths of young children around the world could be prevented by a reduction in:
trust v mistrust
according to erik erikson, he psychological stage that characterizes early childhood is:
emotion-dismissing parent
Majorie chooses to deny, ignore, or change the negative emotions of her children. She is an:
Supergo
according to Freud, the moral element of the personality is called the:
role
gender ___ involves a sense of one's own gender, including knowledge, understanding, and acceptance of being male or female
sex-typed behavior
Michael, aged four, loves playing with toy cars and airplanes, and his idea of play involves wrestling and pushing his friends. Melanie, also aged four, loves playing with her doll house, and her idea of play is to have a tea party with her dolls and friends. Both are exhibiting:
the social hierarchy and division of labor are important causes of gender differences in power, assertiveness, and nurturing.
The social role theory suggests that:
Women have less power and status than men, and they control fewer resources
According to the UNICEF(2011), in most cultures around the world:
A little boy playing with a doll
Who among the following is most likely to be rejected by peers on the basis of gender roles?
Authoritarian parent
when asked to describe his parenting, Juan states, "In my house, my word is the law." Juan is probably a(n):
Indulgent parent
josh's mother makes his favorite food-burgers, fries, and pizza every night for dinner. His mother lets josh play as much as he wants to, study only when he feels like it, and imposes no fixed bedtime. Josh's mom is most likely an:
Authoritative parent
logan is a warm and loving parent, but he also has high expectations of his kids. AS logan encourages independent and age-appropriate behavior from his children, baumrind would classify him as a(n):
Time out, in which the child is removed from a setting that offers positive reinforcement
which of the following in an effective way of handling a child's misbehavior, according to most child psychologists?
Leukemia
which type of cancer is most prevalent in children?
cigarette and alcohol exposure during prenatal development
a number of causes for ADHD have been proposed, including:
Autistic Disorder
___ is a severe developmental disorder that has its onset in the first three years of life and includes deficiencies in social relationships, abnormalities in communication, and restricted repetitive, and stereotypes patterns of behavior
Asperger syndrome
___ is a relatively mild autism spectrum disorder in which the child has relatively good verbal language, milder nonverbal language problems, and a restricted range of interests and relationships.
concrete operational stage
a child is presented with two identical balls of clay. the experimenter rolls one ball into a long, thin shape; the other remains in its original ball form. the child is then asked if there is more clay in the ball or in the long, thin piece of clay. If the child answers the problem correctly, but cannot use abstract reasoning yet, the child most likely is in which stage of piaget's cognitive development theory?
practical
although casey scores only about average on standardized
cultural-familial intellectual disability
psychologists suspect that ___ often results from growing up in below-average intellectual environment
130
a child with an IQ of ___ or higher is considered to be gifted
more mature than others, have fewer emotional problems than others, and grow up in a positive family climate
studies
Ruya, a fourteen-month-old toddler, likes the book 'Green Eggs and Ham', but her brother always tells her how much he likes the book 'Never Tease a Weasel'. When Ruya's brother asks her to bring him a book, Ruya is most likely to bring her ___.
Green Eggs and Ham
Research indicates that the cognitive attribute most closely associated with raising and resolving identity issues is ____.
reasoning logically about hypotheticals
____ provides strong evidence a child's distinction between public and private self.
successfully misleading an opponent when providing clues in a hidden object game
Baron-Cohen often cites ____ as evidence that theory of mind is a biologically-programmed human attribute.
the mindblindness of otherwise intellectually capable autistic individuals
A person who describes herself as a very bright individual despite the fact that she doesn't perform very well in subjects she doesn't like is probably
an adolescent or adult
Toddlers are just as likely to imitate an adult when the adult's action appears accidental as when the adult's action appears intentional.
False
Tasha, an eighteen-month-old toddler, watches as her big brother crumples up wads of paper and tries to toss them through a small basketball hoop. After seeing this, Tasha is most likely to ___.
imitate her brother's behavior regardless of whether or not he gets some of the wads through the hoop
Erin is 3,5 years old. What would Erin most likely say if you asked her to describe who she is?
"I have brown hair, and I have a bicycle."
Children's self-concepts become more and more ____ over the course of childhood as they begin to incorporate ____ into their self-descriptions.
abstract; psychological attributes
Research on the origins of self-esteem reveals that ____ may serve as the foundation for constructing a positive or negative sense of self-esteem.
working models of self that infants and toddlers construct
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