錯題

1. Susie is playing with blocks and is trying to build a tower; she tries but cannot build a
tower. Susie's mother helps her build a four-block tower. Later, Susie builds a four-block
tower without her mother's help. According to Vygotsky, the inability to build the tower on
her own is known as:
a. scaffolding
b. the zone of proximal development
c. assisted discovery
d. learning by imitation
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1. Susie is playing with blocks and is trying to build a tower; she tries but cannot build a
tower. Susie's mother helps her build a four-block tower. Later, Susie builds a four-block
tower without her mother's help. According to Vygotsky, the inability to build the tower on
her own is known as:
a. scaffolding
b. the zone of proximal development
c. assisted discovery
d. learning by imitation
b. the zone of proximal development
2. According to Erickson, when an individual fails to develop a strong sense of identity, the
individual will have troubles with the development of:
a. autonomy
b. initiative
c. intimacy
d. integrity
c. intimacy
7. Cody does what his parents say because he doesn't want to lose his television privileges.
This is an example of what level in Kohlberg's theory of moral development?
a. Integrity versus despair
b. Preconventional
c. Conventional
d. Postconventional
b. Preconventional
10. Henry, a 72-year-old widower, reminisces with his daughter about his life. He talks
about his successes and regrets. This is an example of Erikson's:
a. intimacy stage
b. generativity stage
c. industry stage
d. ego integrity stage
d. ego integrity stage
15. In the Stanford prison study, what caused the guards to treat the prisoners harshly?
a.Their instructions from the researchers
b.The uncooperative behavior of the prisoners
c. The social context
d. The pressure the guards got from one another
c. The social context
16. In the original studies, Milgram and his colleagues found that people were more likely to
disobey under all of the following circumstances EXCEPT when __________.
a. the victim was in an adjoining room so the "teacher" heard every sound the victim made
b. two experimenters had conflicting demands about the continuation of the experiment
c. the person ordering them to continue was an ordinary man, apparently another volunteer
d. the subject worked with peers who refused to go further in the procedure
a. the victim was in an adjoining room so the "teacher" heard every sound the victim made
17. In the Stanford prison simulation, male college students agreed to participate in an
experiment to discover what would happen when they took on the roles of prisoners and
guards. The researchers found that __________.
a. within a short time the prisoners became distressed and panicky, with accompanying
emotional and physical ailments
b. a small percentage of the guards became tyrannical and abusive in order to maintain the
social structure of the prison
c. the "tough but fair" guards urged the tyrannical guards to lighten up on the prisoners
d. all of the prisoners and the guards became harsh and abusive
a. within a short time the prisoners became distressed and panicky, with accompanying
emotional and physical ailments
19. Jennifer has to choose between spending the evening at home with her parents or
spending the evening babysitting her younger sister. Jennifer does not like either of these
choices. This situation describes an:
a. approach-avoidance conflict
b. avoidance-avoidance conflict
c. approach-approach conflict
d. avoidance vector
b. avoidance-avoidance conflict
23. When working with individuals from different cultures, the effective counselor may not:
a. use language similar to the client's
b. maintain good eye contact at all times
c. be cognizant of the context
d. honor religious beliefs
b. maintain good eye contact at all times
38. Which of the following terms is associated with transactional analysis?
a. Free association
b. Unconditional positive regard
c. Irrational beliefs
d. Complementary transactions
d. Complementary transactions
40. The withdrawal of reinforcement until the conditioned response no longer occurs is known as: a. extinction b. elimination c. discrimination d. punishmenta. extinction41. Freud is to ego, id, and superego as ___________ is to parent, adult, and child. a. Jung b. Adler c. Perls d. Berned. Berne42. Developed by Luft and Ingham, ______________ asserts that there are four parts to the personality: the public self, the blind self, the private self, and the unknown self. a. neurolinguistic programming b. the concept of the collective unconscious c. the concept of the family constellation d. the concept of the Johari windowd. the concept of the Johari window45. Popular techniques of this approach are examination of client's memories, "spitting in the client's soup," and "catching oneself." a. Adlerian b. Psychoanalysis c. Rational-emotive therapy d. Reality therapya. Adlerian47. Paradoxical intention, implosive therapy, and thought stopping are all techniques used by _____________ counselors. a. Psychoanalytic b. Behavioral c. TA d. Reality therapya. Psychoanalytic48. Stress inoculation is a concept introduced by: a. John Krumboltz b. Joseph Wolpe c. Albert Bandura d. Donald Meichenbaumd. Donald Meichenbaum49. According to Freud, _____________________ is the most important defense mechanism. An example of this defense mechanism is when a woman who has been physically abused by her spouse doesn't remember ever being hurt by him. a. regression b. repression c. reaction formation d. denialb. repression50. A dog that has been trained to stop and stand at attention when she hears a duck call does not stop and stand at attention when she hears a goose call. This is an example of: a. stimulus generalization b. higher-order conditioning c. conditioned response d. stimulus discriminationd. stimulus discrimination52. Rational-emotive behavior therapy follows a five-step system using ABCDE, where D stands for: a. the affect b. the effect c. the external event d. disputing the irrational beliefd. disputing the irrational belief54. In order to elicit a conditioned response, the neutral stimulus that will become the conditioned stimulus must _________________ the unconditioned stimulus. a. follow b. precede c. occur at the same time as d. randomly occur sometime nearb. precede57. A(n) _____________ schedule of reinforcement is the most difficult to extinguish. a. intermittent b. consistent c. systematic d. ratioa. intermittentall the group members are expressing frustrations with both the structure of the group and the way the group leader is functioning. Most likely this group is in the ___________ state of the group process. a. working b. initial c. transition d. closingc. transition67. All of the following are assumptions of groups EXCEPT: a. The leader is a member of the group. b. Trust is a must. c. Much of the growth in groups occurs through observations, modeling, and social learning. d. There are often discrepancies among participants' expectations, hopes, and desires.a. The leader is a member of the group.68. During the working stage of the group, the leader's role is to: a. establish a trusting climate b. provide a role model c. deal with feelings d. support risksd. support risks70. There is a distinction between group content and group process. An example of group process would be: a. Sarah monopolizes the group by continuously talking and doesn't allow other participants to contribute to the discussion. b. Joe says, "I think today's topic should be what to do on a first date." c. Randy rolls his eyes every time Karen says something. d. both A and C.d. both A and C.71. Greg seems to make light of everything that goes on in the group. If someone is late, for example, he makes a humorous remark about calling for a search party. Greg would be described as the __________ of the group. a. joker b. dominator c. placater d. scapegoata. joker76. Career-oriented, successful ethnic minority women: a. face racial but not gender discrimination b. rarely receive support from other women c. tend to have mothers who had low expectations for them d. often display unusually high self-efficacyd. often display unusually high self-efficacy79. In dual-career families, the woman typically: a. starts her family before entering the workforce b. decides not to have children c. has an established career before having children d. None of the abovec. has an established career before having children81. Leisure activities are those activities that a professional career counselor: a. may also refer to as avocations b. never discusses with clients c. describes as relaxing and done at work d. describes as involving going on vacationsa. may also refer to as avocations84. Career choices as expressions of one's personality are to ______________ as career choices as influenced by genetic endowment, environmental factors, and previous learning experiences are to _________________. a. Krumboltz; Holland b. Holland; Krumboltz c. Roe; Krumboltz d. Holland; Roeb. Holland; Krumboltz85. One of the main premises of ____________ theory is that individuals choose occupations that will permit them to use their competencies. a. Caplow's b. Super's c. Roe's d. Hoppock'sb. Super's88. A career counselor who adheres to Holland's theory of career choice may have his clients take the ______________ to help determine personality types. a. MMPI b. KOIS c. SDS d. SCIIc. SDS91. According to Roe, career choice is influenced by: a. genetics b. parent-child interactions c. unconscious motivators d. all of the abovec. unconscious motivators98. Which of the following sources of information about tests would probably provide the best information about sources and trends in testing and assessment? a. Test critiques b. Journal articles c. Test manuals d. All of the aboved. All of the above107. Which of the following is the best approach to minimizing or eliminating test bias? a. Creating separate norm groups for different groups against whom the test is thought to be biased b. Having a panel of experts review the test items before standardizing the test c. Pre-screening examiners to be used in the standardization process for any possible prejudicial feelings d. Screening test items for possible biasa. Creating separate norm groups for different groups against whom the test is thought to be biased108. Multiple-choice items like those found on the NCE tap skills primarily of: a. organization b. planning c. recognition d. recallc. recognition111. MMPI-A and CPI are to _________________ as Rorschach and TAT are to __________________. a. interest inventories; subjective tests b. objective tests; interest inventories c. objective tests; standardized tests d. objective tests; subjective testsd. objective tests; subjective tests114. A counselor may decide to administer a number of personality tests in order to: a. better understand the client b. predict future performance c. evaluate the outcomes of counseling d. All of the aboveb. predict future performance115. The key difference between ipsative scales and normative scales is that ipsative scales: a. allow the counselor to make comparisons among individuals b. provide information about an individual client c. include achievement and aptitude tests d. have been standardized and normedd. have been standardized and normed118. A researcher reports a correlation coefficient of -.43 between the amount of television viewing by children and the number of times these children are on the honor roll at school. This means: a. Too much television viewing causes students' grades to be low. b. There is a moderately negative relationship between how much television a child watches and how often her or his grades are high enough to earn a position on the honor roll. c. There is very little relationship between how much television a child watches and how often her or his grades are high enough to earn a position on the honor roll. d. The more television a child watches, the more often the child's grades are high enough to earn a position on the honor roll.b. There is a moderately negative relationship between how much television a child watches120. When applying to graduate school, the admissions committee compares the candidate's scores on the GRE with the candidate's grade point average reported on the college transcripts. This is an example of: a. construct validity b. content validity c. criterion-related validity d. concurrent validityc. criterion-related validity121. Only _________ permits a researcher to identify cause and effect. a. a correlational study b. an experiment c. a survey d. naturalistic observationb. an experiment123. An experiment in which neither the subjects nor the individuals running the study know which subjects are in the control group and which are in the experimental group until after the results are tallied is called a _______________ study. a. single-blind b. placebo c. double-blind d. confoundeda. single-blind127. A Type I error is to __________________ as a Type II error is to ______________________. a. accepting the null hypothesis when it is false; rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true. b. accepting the null hypothesis when it is true; rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true. c. rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true; accepting the null hypothesis when it is true. d. rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true; accepting the null hypothesis when it is false.d. rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true; accepting the null hypothesis when it is false.128. One way to reduce Type I and Type II errors is to: a. increase sample size b. decrease sample size c. increase the level of significance d. decrease the level of significancea. increase sample size129. If a researcher who found a negative correlation between the amount of TV viewing done by children and academic performance were to graph her results, she would use a: a. normal bell curve b. positively skewed curve c. scatterplot d. negatively skewed curvec. scatterplot130. A t-score has a mean of ____________ and a standard deviation of ______________. a. 100; 15 b. 10; 2 c. 50; 15 d. 50; 10d. 50; 10138. A researcher conducts a study in which she looks at the effects of using Nicorette gum on smoking cessation. Most likely, her statistical analysis will include: a. Pearson's r b. a t-test c. an ANOVA d. a chi-squareb. a t-test139. Ethical dilemmas often center on issues related to: a. dual relationships b. confidentiality c. credentials of test administrators d. licensureb. confidentiality140. The difference between confidentiality and privileged communication is: a. "Privileged communication" is a legal term and confidentiality is an ethical concept. b. "Confidentiality" is a legal term and privileged communication is an ethical concept. c. Privileged communication is enforced only when a client asks something to be privileged. d. Confidentiality is enforced only when a client asks that something be kept confidential.a. "Privileged communication" is a legal term and confidentiality is an ethical concept.141. A malpractice claim can be lodged against a counselor when: a. the counselor was negligent b. the client suffered physical or psychological injury c. a professional relationship was established d. All of the aboved. All of the above145. The Code of Ethics is: a. legal and binding b. a hard and fast set of rules c. a set of standards of best practice d. All of the abovec. a set of standards of best practice160. A counselor who works for a county agency also has a small private practice. She screens all clients at the county agency and refers those clients with the best insurance benefits to her private practice. This counselor is: a. following standard procedure for many public agencies b. acting unethically c. engaging in a dual relationship d. practicing beyond her scope of practiceb. acting unethically164. The DSM uses a multiaxial system with five axes. Axis III denotes: a. the primary diagnosis b. the secondary diagnosis c. any physical health related issues d. the global functioning levelc. any physical health related issues165. A "V" code in the DSM is the: a. clinical syndrome b. focus of treatment that is not attributable to a specific mental condition c. code used when personality disorders are present d. global assessment of functionb. focus of treatment that is not attributable to a specific mental condition173. The resolution of conflicts and breaking out of destructive habits are the primary goals of: a. family therapy b. existential therapy c. psychodynamic therapy d. couples therapyd. couples therapy179. During the past several sessions, a heated discussion has occurred between the father and the mother. The gist of the argument stems from the mother's constant attention being focused on the daughter. This is an example of: a. negative attention seeking b. disequilibrium c. enmeshment d. triangulationc. enmeshment180. A child who throws food at the dinner table is removed from the dining area and told to sit on the stairs for five minutes. This discipline technique is known as: a. coercion b. the Premack principle c. shaping d. time-outd. time-out181. A behaviorist family counselor instructs the parents of a 12-year-old boy to tell their son that when he gets his homework done he can play his Xbox. This is an example of: a. positive reinforcement b. the Premack principle c. quid pro quo d. negative reinforcementb. the Premack principle183. Family systems theory is to _____________ as structural family theory is to __________________. a. Bowen; Satir b. Bowen; Minuchin c. Minuchin; Satir d. Minuchin; Bowend. Minuchin; Bowen184. A marriage and family counselor treating a 10-year-old daughter and her mother tells the daughter that if she loads the dishwasher on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays, then she and her mother will go shopping at the mall on Saturday. The counselor then has the mother and the daughter sign a contract to that effect. This is an example of: a. the Premack principle b. negative reinforcement c. shaping through successive approximations d. quid pro quob. negative reinforcement189. A couple comes in to see a counselor who specializes in sex counseling. Before the counselor agrees to treat the couple for sex counseling, she refers the couple for: a. a physical examination and medical history consultation by a medical practitioner b. a clinical assessment and interview c. sensate focus exercises d. an exploration of the marital relationshipa. a physical examination and medical history consultation by a medical practitioner194. According to conjoint family therapy, it is important to look at patterns of communication and meta-communication. Meta-communication can be defined as those aspects of communication: a. involving how something is said, not what is said b. involving what is said c. that are hidden d. that are direct and opena. involving how something is said, not what is said197. The role of the therapist in strategic family therapy is to: a. find the myth that keeps a behavior going b. understand levels of communication c. focus on levels of organization d. All of the aboveb. understand levels of communication199. One family structure that is on the rise in the United States is the: a. blended family b. multigenerational family c. single-parent family d. homosexual familyb. multigenerational family204. A researcher is interested in analyzing the results of 20 studies on the effects of social skills training on playground behavior of elementary school-age children. The best way to analyze all of these studies together is to perform: a. a meta-analysis b. Tukey's t-test c. an analysis of covariance d. Spearman's rhoa. a meta-analysis205. You are a licensed counselor in private practice. In order to get reimbursed by insurance companies, you will need your: a. NPI number b. license number c. transcripts of your graduate work on file d. diploma from your graduate programa. NPI number