Linguistics Chapter 3 The Sounds of Language

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What is phonetics?
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What is phonetics?
Phonetics is the general study of the characteristics of speech sounds.
There are articulatory phonetics: How sounds are made, or articulated.
Acoustic phonetics: the physical properties of speech as sound waves in the air
Auditory phonetics: the perception, via the ears of speech sounds.
Articulatory Phonetics
Place of articulation
Describe how a voiceless sound is made
The vocal folds are spread apart, the air from the lungs passes between them unimpeded.
S and F are voiceless
Articulatory Phonetics
Place of articulation
Describe how a voiced sound is made
The vocal folds are drawn together, the air from the lungs repeatedly push them apart, creating a vibration effect.
Z and V are voiced
Articulatory Phonetics
Place of articulation
Point out the following on the picture below
alveolar ridge, velum, palate, nasal cavity, pharynx, uvula, larynx, tongue, velum
insert picture page 27
Articulatory Phonetics
Place of articulation
What are bilabials?
Sounds formed using both upper and lower lips.
Initial sounds in the words pat [p], bat [b] and mat [m] are all bilabials.
The sound in walk, way and world [w] can also be seen as bilabial.
Articulatory Phonetics
Place of articulation
What are labiodentals?
Sounds formed using upper teeth and lower lip.
The sound in fat, safe, cough, photo [f] is a voiceless labiodental.
The sound in vat, save [v] is voiced.
Articulatory Phonetics
Place of articulation
What are dentals?
Sounds formed with the tongue tip behind the upper front teeth.
The sound in thin, bath, three, teeth is the voiceless [θ] theta.
The sound in the, there, thus, then, feather is the voiced [ð] eth
Articulatory Phonetics
Place of articulation
What are alveolars?
Sounds formed with the front part of tongue on the alveolar ridge.
The initial sounds in top [t], sit [s], are voiceless alveolars.
The initial sounds in dip [d], zoo [z], nut [n] are voiced alveolars.
Note that in words like raise the final sound is voiced and should be represented by [z].
Other alveolar sounds are [l] as in lap, lit and [r] in right, write
Articulatory Phonetics
Place of articulation
What are palatals?
Sounds formed with the tongue and the palate, the part in the roof of your mouth right behind the alveolar ridge.
The initial sounds in shout and child is voiceless [ʃ].
The word church starts and ends with the voiceless [tʃ].
The middle consonant sound in treasure and pleasure is the uncommon voiced [ʒ] and joke, gem, judge and George represent the voiced [dʒ].
The sound in you, yet are the voiced [j].
Articulatory Phonetics
Place of articulation
What are velars?
Teh sounds made with the back of the tongue and the back of the roof of the mouth.
The sound in kid, kick, cook, cold, car, coke, kick are voiceless velars represented by [k]
The sound in go, gun, give, bag, mug, plague is the voiced velar represented by [g].
If the velum is lowered forcing the air to pass through the nasal cavity the voiced velar angma is produced. It is found in sing, sung, tongue represented by [ŋ]
Articulatory Phonetics Place of articulation What are glottals?The sound produced by just letting air pass through without any parts of the mouth used. The sound in who, house, have, happy is a voiceless glottal represented by [h]Articulatory Phonetics Manner of articulation What are the stops?Sounds that are produced by some form of stopping of the air stream then letting it go abruptly. Also called plosive [p], [b], [t], [d], [k], [g] are all stops.Articulatory Phonetics Manner of articulation What are the fricativesSounds produced by almost blocking the air stream and having the air push through the very narrow opening to produced friction. [f], [s], [ʃ], [ð] [h] are fricativesArticulatory Phonetics Manner of articulation What are the affricates?Sounds produced by a combination of a brief stopping and a release that causes a fricative. [tʃ]‚ [dʒ] are fricativesArticulatory Phonetics Manner of articulation What are the nasals?Sounds produced by letting the air flow through the nasal cavity. [m], [n], [ŋ] are nasalsArticulatory Phonetics Manner of articulation What are the liquids?Sounds produced by letting the air flow around the side of the tongue. [l], [r] are liquids.Articulatory Phonetics Manner of articulation What are the glides?Sounds produced with the tongue in motion. [w], [j] are glides.Articulatory Phonetics Vowels picture on page 34Vowels are produced with the air flowing rather freely. the different sounds are produced by changing the tongue's position and depending on if the vowel is made at the front, mid or back of the tongue. Front vowels [i] bead, beef, key, me [ɪ] bid, myth, women [ɛ] bed, dead, said [æ] bad, laugh, wrap Central vowels [ə] above, oven, s u pport [ʌ] butt, blood, dove, tough Back vowels [u] boo, move, two, you [ʊ] book, could, put [ɔ]born, caught, fall, raw [ɑ] Bob, cot, swanArticulatory Phonetics Diphtongs picture page 35Diphthongs are produced by moving vocal organs from one position to another. Diphthongs are [aɪ] buy, eye, I, my, pie, sigh [aʊ] bough, doubt, cow [eɪ] bait, eight, great, late, say [oʊ] boat, home, throw, toe [ɔɪ] boy, noiseVowels